Concept Search

Scope note:

This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages.

Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g., as written texts, recorded speech or sign language. However, the CIDOC CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CIDOC CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object.

In general, an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may also contain non-linguistic information, often of artistic or aesthetic value. Only in cases in which the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can completely be expressed by a series of binary-encoded symbols, its content may be documented within a respective knowledge base by the property P190 has symbolic content: E62 String. Otherwise, it should be understood as an identifiable digital resource only available independently from the respective knowledge base.

In other cases, such as pages of an illuminated manuscript or recordings containing speech in a language supported by a writing system, the linguistic part of the content of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object may be documented within a respective knowledge base in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. Otherwise, it may be described using the property P165 incorporates (is incorporated in): E73 Information Object as a different object with its own identity.

• the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2019)
• the lyrics of the song Blue Suede Shoes (Cooper, 2008)
• the text of the “Jabberwocky” by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981)
• the text of Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde [an Esperanto translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]. (Stevenson, Morrison and Mann, 1909)
• the free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (as by 2020)

Scope note:

• the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript
• the lyrics of the song "Blue Suede Shoes"
• the text of the Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll
• the text of "Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde" (an Esperanto translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde)

Scope note:

This class comprises identifiable expressions in natural language or languages.

Instances of E33 Linguistic Object can be expressed in many ways: e.g. as written texts, recorded speech or sign language. However, the CRM treats instances of E33 Linguistic Object independently from the medium or method by which they are expressed. Expressions in formal languages, such as computer code or mathematical formulae, are not treated as instances of E33 Linguistic Object by the CRM. These should be modelled as instances of E73 Information Object.

The text of an instance of E33 Linguistic Object can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String

• the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript
• the lyrics of the song Blue Suede Shoes
• the text of the Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll
• the text of Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde (an Esperanto translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde)

Scope note:

• the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript
• the lyrics of the song "Blue Suede Shoes"
• the text of the Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll
• the text of "Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde" (an Esperanto translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde)

Scope note:

• the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript
• the lyrics of the song "Blue Suede Shoes"
• the text of the Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll
• the text of "Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde" (an Esperanto translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde)

Scope note:

• the text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript
• the lyrics of the song "Blue Suede Shoes"
• the text of the Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll
• the text of "Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde" (an Esperanto translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde)

Scope note:

• he text of the Ellesmere Chaucer manuscript (Hilmo, 2004)
•  the lyrics of the song "Blue Suede Shoes" (Cooper, 2008)
•  the text of the Jabberwocky by Lewis Carroll (Carroll, 1981)
• the text of "Doktoro Jekyll kaj Sinjoro Hyde" (an Esperanto translation of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde). (Stevenson, 1909)
• The free dialog in the local dialect recorded in 1958, Telemark, Norway stored on tape or.7-89.s1 (00.15:46-00:34), The Language Collection at the University Library in Bergen, Norway (as by 2020)

Scope note:

• “keep off the grass” on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
• The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 
• Kilroy was here 

Scope note:

• “keep off the grass” on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
• The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 
• Kilroy was here 

Scope note:

This class comprises recognisable, short texts attached to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.

The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CRM as E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.

The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E84 Information Carrier. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object.

• “keep off the grass” on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
• The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895
• Kilroy was here

Scope note:

• “keep off the grass” on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
• The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 
• Kilroy was here 

Scope note:

This class comprises recognisable, short texts attached to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff.

The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CRM as E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff.

The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E84 Information Carrier. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object.

• “keep off the grass” on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
• The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895
• Kilroy was here

Scope note:

This class comprises recognisable, texts attached to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.

The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CIDOC CRM as instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.

The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E18 Physical Thing. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object.

• “keep off the grass” [on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College, Oxford, UK]
• the text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 (Mommsen, 1872)
• “Kilroy was here”

Scope note:

• “keep off the grass” on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
• The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 
• Kilroy was here 

Scope note:

This class comprises recognisable, short texts attached to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.

The transcription of the text can be documented in a note by P3 has note: E62 String. The alphabet used can be documented by P2 has type: E55 Type. This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of an inscription, but the underlying prototype. The physical embodiment is modelled in the CRM as E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.

The relationship of a physical copy of a book to the text it contains is modelled using E84 Information Carrier. P128 carries (is carried by): E33 Linguistic Object.

• “keep off the grass” on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
• The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895
• Kilroy was here

Scope note:

• “keep off the grass” on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
• The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 
• Kilroy was here 

Scope note:

• “keep off the grass” on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
• The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 
• Kilroy was here 

Scope note:

• “keep off the grass” on a sign stuck in the lawn of the quad of Balliol College
• The text published in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum V 895 
• " Kilroy was here "

Scope note:

• “The Merchant of Venice”
• “Mona Lisa”
• “La Pie or The Magpie”
• “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”

Scope note:

• “The Merchant of Venice”
• “Mona Lisa”
• “La Pie or The Magpie”
• “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”

Scope note:

This class comprises the names assigned to works, such as texts, artworks or pieces of music.

Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting” or “book” (the latter are common nouns and are modelled in the CRM as instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.

This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.

• The Merchant of Venice
• Mona Lisa
• La Pie or The Magpie
• Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds

Scope note:

• “The Merchant of Venice”
• “Mona Lisa”
• “La Pie or The Magpie”
• “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”

Scope note:

This class comprises the names assigned to works, such as texts, artworks or pieces of music.

Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting” or “book” (the latter are common nouns and are modelled in the CRM as instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.

This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.

• The Merchant of Venice
• Mona Lisa
• La Pie or The Magpie
• Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds

Scope note:

This class comprises textual strings that within a cultural context can be clearly identified as titles due to their form. Being a subclass of E41 Appellation, E35 Title can only be used when such a string is actually used as a title of a work, such as a text, an artwork, or a piece of music.

Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting” or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.

This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.

• “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005)
• “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, Menu and Mottin, 2006)
• “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
• “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967)

Scope note:

• “The Merchant of Venice”
• “Mona Lisa”
• “La Pie or The Magpie”
• “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”

Scope note:

This class comprises the names assigned to works, such as texts, artworks or pieces of music.

Titles are proper noun phrases or verbal phrases, and should not be confused with generic object names such as “chair”, “painting” or “book” (the latter are common nouns that stand for instances of E55 Type). Titles may be assigned by the creator of the work itself, or by a social group.

This class also comprises the translations of titles that are used as surrogates for the original titles in different social contexts.

• “The Merchant of Venice”
• “Mona Lisa”
• “La Pie or The Magpie”
• “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”

Scope note:

• “The Merchant of Venice”
• “Mona Lisa”
• “La Pie or The Magpie”
• “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”

Scope note:

• “The Merchant of Venice”
• “Mona Lisa”
• “La Pie or The Magpie”
• “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds”

Scope note:

• “The Merchant of Venice” (McCullough, 2005)
• “Mona Lisa” (Mohen, 2006)
• “La Pie or The Magpie”  (Bortolatto, 1981)
• “Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds” (Lennon, 1967)

Scope note:

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (E38)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)

Scope note:

This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.

This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.

The class E36 Visual Item provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks or images etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Man-Made Thing and depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a short-cut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (E38)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)

Scope note:

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (E38)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)

Scope note:

This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.

This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.

The class E36 Visual Item provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff that carry the same visual symbols, marks or images etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff and depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a short-cut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (E38)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)

Scope note:

This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks, images and other visual works.

This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.

The class E36 Visual Item provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing that carry the same visual qualities (symbols, marks or images etc.). The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Human-Made Thing and depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) is a shortcut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Human-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (Bortolatto, 1981)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)
• the surface shape of Auguste Rodin's statue Le Penseur [there exist more than 20 copies, even of different size. Therefore, this is a good example that it is only the common surface shape, an immaterial visual item, which justifies displaying these copies as works of Auguste Rodin. As usual practice, Rodin himself did not produce the bronze statue, but only the prototype model]

Scope note:

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (E38)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)

Scope note:

This class comprises the intellectual or conceptual aspects of recognisable marks and images.

This class does not intend to describe the idiosyncratic characteristics of an individual physical embodiment of a visual item, but the underlying prototype. For example, a mark such as the ICOM logo is generally considered to be the same logo when used on any number of publications. The size, orientation and colour may change, but the logo remains uniquely identifiable. The same is true of images that are reproduced many times. This means that visual items are independent of their physical support.

The class E36 Visual Item provides a means of identifying and linking together instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing that carry the same visual symbols, marks or images etc. The property P62 depicts (is depicted by) between E24 Physical Man-Made Thing and depicted subjects (E1 CRM Entity) can be regarded as a short-cut of the more fully developed path from E24 Physical Man-Made Thing through P65 shows visual item (is shown by), E36 Visual Item, P138 represents (has representation) to E1CRM Entity, which in addition captures the optical features of the depiction.

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (E38)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)

Scope note:

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (E38)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)

Scope note:

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (E38)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)

Scope note:

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (E38)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)

Scope note:

• the visual appearance of Monet’s “La Pie” (E38)
• the Coca-Cola logo (E34)
• the Chi-Rho (E37)
• the communist red star (E37)

Scope note:

• Minoan double axe mark 
• ©
• ☺

Scope note:

• Minoan double axe mark 
• ©

Scope note:

This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques in order to indicate the creator, owner, dedications, purpose, etc.

This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Man-Made Feature.

• Minoan double axe mark
• ©

Scope note:

• Minoan double axe mark 
• ©

Scope note:

This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff by arbitrary techniques in order to indicate the creator, owner, dedications, purpose, etc.

This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Man-Made Feature.

• Minoan double axe mark
• ©

Scope note:

This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques, often in order to indicate such things as creator, owner, dedications, purpose or to communicate information generally. Instances of E37 Mark do not represent the actual image of a mark, but the abstract ideal (or archetype) as used for codification in reference documents forming cultural documentation.

This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Human-Made Feature.

• Minoan double axe mark (Lowe Fri, 2011)
• ©
• ☺

Scope note:

• Minoan double axe mark 
• ©

Scope note:

This class comprises symbols, signs, signatures or short texts applied to instances of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing by arbitrary techniques in order to indicate the creator, owner, dedications, purpose, etc.

This class specifically excludes features that have no semantic significance, such as scratches or tool marks. These should be documented as instances of E25 Man-Made Feature.

• Minoan double axe mark
• ©

Scope note:

• Minoan double axe mark 
• ©

Scope note:

• Minoan double axe mark 
• ©

Scope note:

• Minoan double axe mark 
• ©

Scope note:

• the front side of all 20 Swiss Frs notes
• the image depicted on all reproductions of the Mona Lisa

Scope note:

This class comprises distributions of form, tone and colour that may be found on surfaces such as photos, paintings, prints and sculptures or directly on electronic media.

The degree to which variations in the distribution of form and colour affect the identity of an instance of E38 Image depends on a given purpose. The original painting of the Mona Lisa in the Louvre may be said to bear the same instance of E38 Image as reproductions in the form of transparencies, postcards, posters or T-shirts, even though they may differ in size and carrier and may vary in tone and colour. The images in a “spot the difference” competition are not the same with respect to their context, however similar they may at first appear.

• the front side of all 20 Swiss Frs notes
• the image depicted on all reproductions of the Mona Lisa

Scope note:

• the front side of all 20 Swiss Frs notes
• the image depicted on all reproductions of the Mona Lisa

Scope note:

This class comprises distributions of form, tone and colour that may be found on surfaces such as photos, paintings, prints and sculptures or directly on electronic media.

The degree to which variations in the distribution of form and colour affect the identity of an instance of E38 Image depends on a given purpose. The original painting of the Mona Lisa in the Louvre may be said to bear the same instance of E38 Image as reproductions in the form of transparencies, postcards, posters or T-shirts, even though they may differ in size and carrier and may vary in tone and colour. The images in a “spot the difference” competition are not the same with respect to their context, however similar they may at first appear.

• the front side of all 20 Swiss Frs notes
• the image depicted on all reproductions of the Mona Lisa

Scope note:

• the front side of all 20 Swiss Frs notes
• the image depicted on all reproductions of the Mona Lisa

Scope note:

This class comprises distributions of form, tone and colour that may be found on surfaces such as photos, paintings, prints and sculptures or directly on electronic media.

The degree to which variations in the distribution of form and colour affect the identity of an instance of E38 Image depends on a given purpose. The original painting of the Mona Lisa in the Louvre may be said to bear the same instance of E38 Image as reproductions in the form of transparencies, postcards, posters or T-shirts, even though they may differ in size and carrier and may vary in tone and colour. The images in a “spot the difference” competition are not the same with respect to their context, however similar they may at first appear.

• the front side of all 20 Swiss Frs notes
• the image depicted on all reproductions of the Mona Lisa

Scope note:

• the front side of all 20 Swiss Frs notes
• the image depicted on all reproductions of the Mona Lisa

Scope note:

• the front side of all 20 Swiss Frs notes
• the image depicted on all reproductions of the Mona Lisa

Scope note:

• the front side of all 20 Swiss Frs notes
• the image depicted on all reproductions of the Mona Lisa

Scope note:

• London and Continental Railways (E74)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21) (Gibson, 1986)

Scope note:

• London and Continental Railways (E40)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21)

Scope note:

This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions for which they can be held responsible.

The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body.

• London and Continental Railways (E40)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21)

Scope note:

• London and Continental Railways (E40)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21)

Scope note:

This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions for which they can be held responsible.

The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body.

• London and Continental Railways (E40)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21)

Scope note:

This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions of kinds for which someone may be held responsible.

• London and Continental Railways (E74)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21) (Gibson, 1986)

Scope note:

• London and Continental Railways (E40)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21)

Scope note:

This class comprises people, either individually or in groups, who have the potential to perform intentional actions for which they can be held responsible.

The CRM does not attempt to model the inadvertent actions of such actors. Individual people should be documented as instances of E21 Person, whereas groups should be documented as instances of either E74 Group or its subclass E40 Legal Body.

• London and Continental Railways (E40)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21)

Scope note:

• London and Continental Railways (E40)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21)

Scope note:

• London and Continental Railways (E40)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21)

Scope note:

• London and Continental Railways (E40)
• the Governor of the Bank of England in 1975 (E21)
• Sir Ian McKellan (E21)

Scope note:

• Jurassic
• European Bronze Age
• Italian Renaissance
• Thirty Years War
• Sturm und Drang
• Cubism

Scope note:

This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations bounded in time and space.

It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatio-temporal bounds. These bounds are a mere approximation of the actual process of growth, spread and retreat. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area as a sedentary culture.

Typically this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”. There are however no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.

Artistic style may be modeled as E4 Period. There are two different conceptualisations of ‘style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is consistent with E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.

Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.

• Jurassic
• European Bronze Age
• Italian Renaissance
• Thirty Years War
• Sturm und Drang
• Cubism

Scope note:

This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations occurring in time and space.

It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an instance of E4 Period and not the associated spatiotemporal extent. This extent is only the “ground” or space in an abstract physical sense that the actual process of growth, spread and retreat has covered. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area and time as a sedentary culture. This also means that overlapping land use rights, common among first nations, amounts to overlapping periods.

Often, this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”, but also geopolitical units and activities of settlements are regarded as special cases of E4 Period. However, there are no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore, E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical birth, an instance of E67 Birth, can be seen as both a single event, i.e., an instance of E5 Event, and as an extended period, i.e., an instance of E4 Period, that consists of multiple physical processes and complementary activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.

As the actual extent of an instance of E4 Period in spacetime we regard the trajectories of the participating physical things during their participation in an instance of E4 Period. This includes the open spaces via which these things have interacted and the spaces by which they had the potential to interact during that period or event in the way defined by the type of the respective period or event. Examples include the air in a meeting room transferring the voices of the participants. Since these phenomena are fuzzy, we assume the spatiotemporal extent to be contiguous, except for cases of phenomena spreading out over islands or other separated areas, including geopolitical units distributed over disconnected areas such as islands or colonies.

Whether the trajectories necessary for participants to travel between these areas are regarded as part of the spatiotemporal extent or not has to be decided in each case based on a concrete analysis, taking use of the sea for other purposes than travel, such as fishing, into consideration. One may also argue that the activities to govern disconnected areas imply travelling through spaces connecting them and that these areas hence are spatially connected in a way, but it appears counterintuitive to consider for instance travel routes in international waters as extensions of geopolitical units.

Consequently, an instance of E4 Period may occupy a number of disjoint spacetime volumes, however there must not be a discontinuity in the timespan covered by these spacetime volumes. This means that an instance of E4 Period must be contiguous in time. If it has ended in all areas, it has ended as a whole. However, it may end in one area before another, such as in the Polynesian migration, and it continues as long as it is ongoing in at least one area.

We model E4 Period as a subclass of E2 Temporal Entity and of E92 Spacetime Volume. The latter is intended as a phenomenal spacetime volume as defined in CIDOC CRMgeo (Doerr & Hiebel, 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance, we can discuss the physical extent of an instance of E4 Period without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated spacetime volume. This model combines two quite different kinds of substance: an instance of E4 Period is a phenomenon while an instance of E92 Spacetime Volume is an aggregation of points in spacetime. However, the real spatiotemporal extent of an instance of E4 Period is regarded to be unique to it due to all its details and fuzziness; its identity and existence depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of E4 Period. Therefore, this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language.

Typical use of this class in cultural heritage documentation is for documenting cultural and artistic periods. There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period in the European sphere of influence lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an instance of E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.

A geopolitical unit as a specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena related to the claim of power, the consequences of belonging to a jurisdictional area and an administrative system that establishes a geopolitical unit. Examples from the modern period are countries or administrative areas of countries such as districts whose actions and structures define activities and phenomena in the area that they intend to govern. The borders of geopolitical units are often defined in contracts or treaties although they may deviate from the actual practice. The spatiotemporal properties of Geopolitical units can be modelled through the properties inherited from E92 Spacetime Volume.

Another specific case of an instance of E4 Period is the actual extent of the set of activities and phenomena as evidenced by their physical traces that define a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.

• Jurassic (Hallam, 1975)
• Populated Period of Nineveh
• Imperial Rome under Marcus Aurelius
• European Bronze Age (Harrison, 2004)
• Italian Renaissance (Macdonald, 1992)
• Thirty Years War (Lee, 1991)
• Sturm und Drang (Berkoff, 2013)
• Cubism (Cox, 2000)

Scope note:

• Jurassic
• European Bronze Age
• Italian Renaissance
• Thirty Years War
• Sturm und Drang
• Cubism

Scope note:

• Jurassic
• European Bronze Age
• Italian Renaissance
• Thirty Years War
• Sturm und Drang
• Cubism

Scope note:

This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations bounded in time and space.

It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatio-temporal bounds. These bounds are a mere approximation of the actual process of growth, spread and retreat. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area as a sedentary culture.

Typically this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”. There are however no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.

There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.

Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.

• Jurassic
• European Bronze Age
• Italian Renaissance
• Thirty Years War
• Sturm und Drang
• Cubism

Scope note:

• Jurassic
• European Bronze Age
• Italian Renaissance
• Thirty Years War
• Sturm und Drang
• Cubism

Scope note:

• Jurassic (Hallam, 1975)
• Populated Period of Nineveh
• Imperial Rome under Marcus Aurelius
• European Bronze Age (Harrison, 2004) 
• Italian Renaissance (Macdonald, 1992)
• Thirty Years War (Lee, 1991)
• Sturm und Drang (Berkoff, 2013)
• Cubism (Cox, 2000)

Scope note:

• Jurassic
• European Bronze Age
• Italian Renaissance
• Thirty Years War
• Sturm und Drang
• Cubism

Scope note:

• Jurassic
• European Bronze Age
• Italian Renaissance
• Thirty Years War
• Sturm und Drang
• Cubism

Scope note:

This class comprises sets of coherent phenomena or cultural manifestations bounded in time and space.

It is the social or physical coherence of these phenomena that identify an E4 Period and not the associated spatio-temporal bounds. These bounds are a mere approximation of the actual process of growth, spread and retreat. Consequently, different periods can overlap and coexist in time and space, such as when a nomadic culture exists in the same area as a sedentary culture.

Typically this class is used to describe prehistoric or historic periods such as the “Neolithic Period”, the “Ming Dynasty” or the “McCarthy Era”. There are however no assumptions about the scale of the associated phenomena. In particular all events are seen as synthetic processes consisting of coherent phenomena. Therefore E4 Period is a superclass of E5 Event. For example, a modern clinical E67 Birth can be seen as both an atomic E5 Event and as an E4 Period that consists of multiple activities performed by multiple instances of E39 Actor.

There are two different conceptualisations of ‘artistic style’, defined either by physical features or by historical context. For example, “Impressionism” can be viewed as a period lasting from approximately 1870 to 1905 during which paintings with particular characteristics were produced by a group of artists that included (among others) Monet, Renoir, Pissarro, Sisley and Degas. Alternatively, it can be regarded as a style applicable to all paintings sharing the characteristics of the works produced by the Impressionist painters, regardless of historical context. The first interpretation is an E4 Period, and the second defines morphological object types that fall under E55 Type.

Another specific case of an E4 Period is the set of activities and phenomena associated with a settlement, such as the populated period of Nineveh.

• Jurassic
• European Bronze Age
• Italian Renaissance
• Thirty Years War
• Sturm und Drang
• Cubism

Scope note:

• Greenpeace
• Paveprime Ltd
• the National Museum of Denmark

Scope note:

This class comprises institutions or groups of people that have obtained a legal recognition as a group and can act collectively as agents.

This means that they can perform actions, own property, create or destroy things and can be held collectively responsible for their actions like individual people. The term 'personne morale' is often used for this in French.

• Greenpeace
• Paveprime Ltd
• the National Museum of Denmark

Scope note:

• Greenpeace
• Paveprime Ltd
• the National Museum of Denmark

Scope note:

This class comprises institutions or groups of people that have obtained a legal recognition as a group and can act collectively as agents.

This means that they can perform actions, own property, create or destroy things and can be held collectively responsible for their actions like individual people. The term 'personne morale' is often used for this in French.

• Greenpeace
• Paveprime Ltd
• the National Museum of Denmark

Scope note:

• Greenpeace
• Paveprime Ltd
• the National Museum of Denmark

Scope note:

This class comprises institutions or groups of people that have obtained a legal recognition as a group and can act collectively as agents.

This means that they can perform actions, own property, create or destroy things and can be held collectively responsible for their actions like individual people. The term 'personne morale' is often used for this in French.

• Greenpeace
• Paveprime Ltd
• the National Museum of Denmark

Scope note:

• Greenpeace
• Paveprime Ltd
• the National Museum of Denmark

Scope note:

• Greenpeace
• Paveprime Ltd
• the National Museum of Denmark

Scope note:

• Greenpeace
• Paveprime Ltd
• the National Museum of Denmark

Scope note:

• "Martin"
•  “Aquae Sulis Minerva”
•  "the Merchant of Venice" (E35) (McCullough, 2005)
•  "Spigelia marilandica (L.) L." [not the species, just the name] (Hershberger, Jenkins and Robacker, 2015)
•  "information science" [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an English-speaking context]
•  “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”]
•  “6°5’29”N 45°12’13”W” (example of spatial coordinate)
•  “Black queen’s bishop 4” [chess coordinate] (example of spatial coordinate)
•  “19-MAR-1922” (example of date)
•  “+41 22 418 5571” (example of contact point)
•  "weasel@paveprime.com" (example of contact point)
•  “CH-1211, Genève” (example of place appellation)
•  “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan” (example of address)
•  “the poop deck of H.M.S Victory” (example of section definition)
•  “the Venus de Milo’s left buttock” (example of section definition)

Scope note:

• "Martin"
• "the Forth Bridge"
• "the Merchant of Venice" (E35)
• "Spigelia marilandica (L.) L." [not the species, just the name]
• "information science" [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an English-speaking context]
• “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”]

Scope note:

This class comprises all sequences of signs of any nature, either meaningful or not, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context.

Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e., other instances of E41 Appellation that are always regarded as equivalent independent from the thing it denotes.

Specific subclasses of E41 Appellation should be used when instances of E41 Appellation of a characteristic form are used for particular objects. Instances of E49 Time Appellation, for example, which take the form of instances of E50 Date, can be easily recognised.

E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment

• Martin
• the Forth Bridge
• the Merchant of Venice (E35)
• Spigelia marilandica (L.) L. [not the species, just the name]
• information science [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an English-speaking context]

Scope note:

• "Martin"
• "the Forth Bridge"
• "the Merchant of Venice" (E35)
• "Spigelia marilandica (L.) L." [not the species, just the name]
• "information science" [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an English-speaking context]
• “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”]

Scope note:

This class comprises all proper names, words, phrases or codes, either meaningful or not, that are used or can be used to identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context.

Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify objects by their meaning but by convention, tradition or agreement. From an implementation point of view, the class E41 Appellation is unlike most others, whose instances in a database can be considered as surrogates or references to real-world entities, in that each instance is nothing other than the E41 Appellation itself, i.e. the instance of E41 Appellation “Martin” is nothing other than the name “Martin” which should not be confused with any instance of E21 Person or persons called Martin.

Specific subclasses of E41 Appellation should be used when instances of E41 Appellation of a characteristic form are used for particular kinds of items. Instances of E49 Time Appellation, for example, which take the form of instances of E50 Date, can be easily recognised.

E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. cf. E15 Identifier Assignment

• Martin
• the Forth Bridge
• the Merchant of Venice (E35)

Scope note:

This class comprises signs, either meaningful or not, or arrangements of signs following a specific syntax, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class or category within a certain context.

Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but instead by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e., other instances of E41 Appellation that are always regarded as equivalent independent from the thing it denotes.

Different languages may use different appellations for the same thing, such as the names of major cities. Some appellations may be formulated using a valid noun phrase of a particular language. In these cases, the respective instances of E41 Appellation should also be declared as instances of E33 Linguistic Object. Then the language using the appellation can be declared with the property P72 has language: E56 Language.

Instances of E41 Appellation may be used to identify any instance of E1 CRM Entity and sometimes are characteristic for instances of more specific subclasses E1 CRM Entity, such as for instances of E52 Time-Span (for instance “dates”), E39 Actor, E53 Place or E28 Conceptual Object. Postal addresses and E-mail addresses are characteristic examples of identifiers used by services transporting things between clients.

Even numerically expressed identifiers for extents in space or time are also regarded as instances of E41 Appellation, such as Gregorian dates or spatial coordinates, even though they allow for determining some time or location by a known procedure starting from a reference point and by virtue of that fact play a double role as instances of E59 Primitive Value.

E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment

• Martin
• “Aquae Sulis Minerva”
• the Merchant of Venice (E35) (McCullough, 2005)
• Spigelia marilandica (L.) L. [not the species, just the name] (Hershberger, Robacker and Jenkins, 2015)
• information science [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an English-speaking context]
• “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”]
• “6°5’29”N 45°12’13”W” [example of a spatial coordinate]
• “Black queen’s bishop 4” [chess coordinate, example of an identifier in a conceptual space (E89)]
• “19-MAR-1922” [example of date]
• “+41 22 418 5571” [example of contact point]
• weasel@paveprime.com [example of contact point]
• “CH-1211, Genève” [example of place appellation]
• “1-29-3 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 121, Japan” [example of a postal address]
• “the poop deck of H.M.S Victory” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)]
• “the Venus de Milo’s left buttock” [example of a section definition on a human-made object (E22)]

Scope note:

• "Martin"
• "the Forth Bridge"
• "the Merchant of Venice" (E35)
• "Spigelia marilandica (L.) L." [not the species, just the name]
• "information science" [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an English-speaking context]
• “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”]

Scope note:

This class comprises all sequences of signs of any nature, either meaningful or not, that are used or can be used to refer to and identify a specific instance of some class within a certain context.

Instances of E41 Appellation do not identify things by their meaning, even if they happen to have one, but by convention, tradition, or agreement. Instances of E41 Appellation are cultural constructs; as such, they have a context, a history, and a use in time and space by some group of users. A given instance of E41 Appellation can have alternative forms, i.e., other instances of E41 Appellation that are always regarded as equivalent independent from the thing it denotes.

Specific subclasses of E41 Appellation should be used when instances of E41 Appellation of a characteristic form are used for particular objects. Instances of E49 Time Appellation, for example, which take the form of instances of E50 Date, can be easily recognised.

E41 Appellation should not be confused with the act of naming something. Cf. E15 Identifier Assignment

• Martin
• the Forth Bridge
• the Merchant of Venice (E35)
• Spigelia marilandica (L.) L. [not the species, just the name]
• information science [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an English-speaking context]

Scope note:

• "Martin"
• "the Forth Bridge"
• "the Merchant of Venice" (E35)
• "Spigelia marilandica (L.) L." [not the species, just the name]
• "information science" [not the science itself, but the name through which we refer to it in an English-speaking context]
• “安” [Chinese “an”, meaning “peace”]