Concept Search

Scope note:

This class comprises actions measuring quantitative physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic, objective procedure of direct observation of particular states of physical reality.

An instance of E16 Measurement may us simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Methods and devices employed should be associated with instances of E16 Measurement by properties such as P33 used specific technique: E29 Design or Procedure, P125 used object of type: E55 Type, P16 used specific object (was used for): E70 Thing, whereas basic techniques such as carbon 14 dating should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of): E55 Type. Details of methods and devices reused or reusable in other instances of E16 Measurement should be documented for these entities rather than the measurements themselves, whereas details of particular execution may be documented by free text or by instantiating adequate sub-activities, if the detail may be of interest for an overarching query.

Regardless whether a measurement is made by an instrument or by human senses, it represents the initial transition from physical reality to information without any other documented information object in between within the reasoning chain that would represent the result of the interaction of the observer or device with reality. Therefore, determining properties of an instance of E90 Symbolic Object is regarded as an instance of E13 Attribute Assignment, which may be inferred from observing and measuring representative carriers. In the case that the carrier can be named, the property P16 used specific object (was used for): should be used to indicate the instance(s) of E18 Physical Thing that was used as the empirical basis for the attribute assignment. For instance, inferring properties of depicted items using image material, such as satellite images, is not regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement, but as a subsequent instance of E13 Attribute Assignment. Rather, only the production of the images, understood as arrays of radiation intensities, is regarded as an instance of E16 Measurement. The same reasoning holds for other sensor data.

• measurement of the height of silver cup 232 on the 31^st August 1997 (fictitious)
• the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [The carbon 14 dating of an approximately 400.000 year old complete Old Palaeolithic wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany, in 1995.] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)

Scope note:

• measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997 
• the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]

Scope note:

• measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997 
• the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]

Scope note:

This class comprises actions measuring physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic procedure.

• include measuring the monetary value of a collection of coins or the running time of a specific video cassette.
• The E16 Measurement may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Details of methods and devices are best handled as free text, whereas basic techniques such as carbon 14 dating should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type.
• Examples:
• measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31^st August 1997
• the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]

Scope note:

• measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997 
• the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]
• The pixel size of the jpeg version of Titian’s painting Bacchus and Ariadne from 1520–3, as freely downloadable from the National Gallery in London’s web page <https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/titian-bacchus-and-ariadne…; is 581600 pixels.
• The scope note of E21 Person in the Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 5.0.4 as downloaded from <http://www.cidoc-crm.org/sites/default/files/cidoc_crm_version_5.0.4.pd…; consists of 77 words.

Scope note:

• measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997 
• the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]

Scope note:

• measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997  (fictitious)

• the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995] (Kouwenhoven, 1997)

• The pixel size of the jpeg version of Titian’s painting Bacchus and Ariadne from 1520–3, as freely downloadable from the National Gallery in London’s web page <https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/titian-bacchus-and-ariadne…; is 581600 pixels.
• The scope note of E21 Person in the Definition of the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model Version 5.0.4 as downloaded from <http://www.cidoc-crm.org/sites/default/files/cidoc_crm_version_5.0.4.pd…; consists of 77 words.

Scope note:

• measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31st  August 1997 
• the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]

Scope note:

This class comprises actions measuring physical properties and other values that can be determined by a systematic procedure.

• include measuring the monetary value of a collection of coins or the running time of a specific video cassette.
• The E16 Measurement Event may use simple counting or tools, such as yardsticks or radiation detection devices. The interest is in the method and care applied, so that the reliability of the result may be judged at a later stage, or research continued on the associated documents. The date of the event is important for dimensions, which may change value over time, such as the length of an object subject to shrinkage. Details of methods and devices are best handled as free text, whereas basic techniques such as carbon 14 dating should be encoded using P2 has type (is type of:) E55 Type.
• Examples:
• measurement of height of silver cup 232 on the 31^st August 1997
• the carbon 14 dating of the “Schoeninger Speer II” in 1996 [an about 400.000 years old Palaeolithic complete wooden spear found in Schoeningen, Niedersachsen, Germany in 1995]

Scope note:

This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions and concepts.

This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of determination, i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2^nd
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2nd 
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions and concepts.

This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of determination, i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2^nd
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions and concepts.

This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of determination, i.e., the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth at the Museum Benaki, Athens
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2nd 
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2nd 
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

This class comprises the actions of classifying items of whatever kind. Such items include objects, specimens, people, actions and concepts.

This class allows for the documentation of the context of classification acts in cases where the value of the classification depends on the personal opinion of the classifier, and the date that the classification was made. This class also encompasses the notion of determination, i.e. the systematic and molecular identification of a specimen in biology.

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2^nd
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2nd 
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2nd 
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2nd 
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

• the first classification of object GE34604 as Lament Cloth, October 2nd 
• the determination of a cactus in Martin Doerr’s garden as ‘Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann’, July 2003

Scope note:

This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural.

Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.

The CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
• the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)
• the Mona Lisa (E22)

Scope note:

This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural.

Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.

The CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
• the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)
• the Mona Lisa (E22)

Scope note:

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
• the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)
• the Mona Lisa (E22)

Scope note:

This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, human-made or natural.

Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CIDOC CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.

An instance of E18 Physical Thing occupies not only a particular geometric space at any instant of its existence, but in the course of its existence it also forms a trajectory through spacetime, which occupies a real, that is phenomenal, volume in spacetime. We include in the occupied space the space filled by the matter of the physical thing and all its inner spaces, such as the interior of a box. For the purpose of more detailed descriptions of the presence of an instance of E18 Physical Thing in space and time it can be associated with its specific instance of E92 Spacetime Volume by the property P196 defines (is defined by).

The CIDOC CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states, as long as they are not confined in an identifiable way for an identifiable minimal time-span.

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006)
• the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26) (Smith, 1844-49)
• the Mona Lisa (E22) (Mohen, 2006)

Scope note:

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
• the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)
• the Mona Lisa (E22)

Scope note:

This class comprises all persistent physical items with a relatively stable form, man-made or natural.

Depending on the existence of natural boundaries of such things, the CRM distinguishes the instances of E19 Physical Object from instances of E26 Physical Feature, such as holes, rivers, pieces of land etc. Most instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy), whereas features are integral to the surrounding matter.

The CRM is generally not concerned with amounts of matter in fluid or gaseous states.

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
• the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)
• the Mona Lisa (E22)

Scope note:

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
• the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)
• the Mona Lisa (E22)

Scope note:

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
• the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)
• the Mona Lisa (E22)

Scope note:

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
• the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)
• the Mona Lisa (E22)

Scope note:

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19) (Scarratt and Shor, 2006)
•  the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26) (Smith, 1844-49)
•  the Mona Lisa (E22) (Mohem, 2006)

Scope note:

• the Cullinan Diamond (E19)
• the cave “Ideon Andron” in Crete (E26)
• the Mona Lisa (E22)

Scope note:

• John Smith
• Aphrodite of Milos
• the Palace of Knossos
• the Cullinan Diamond 
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch

Scope note:

This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.

The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).

In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e. naturally defined objects.

The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.

• John Smith
• Aphrodite of Milos
• the Palace of Knossos
• the Cullinan Diamond
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch

Scope note:

• John Smith
• Aphrodite of Milos
• the Palace of Knossos
• the Cullinan Diamond 
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch

Scope note:

This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.

The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).

In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e. naturally defined objects.

The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.

• John Smith
• Aphrodite of Milos
• the Palace of Knossos
• the Cullinan Diamond
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch

Scope note:

This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.

The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).

In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e., naturally defined objects.

The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.

• Aphrodite of Milos (E22) (Kousser, 2005)
• the Cullinan Diamond (Scarratt and Shor, 2006)
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch (E22) (Lovell and Kluger, 1994)

Scope note:

• John Smith
• Aphrodite of Milos
• the Palace of Knossos
• the Cullinan Diamond 
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch

Scope note:

This class comprises items of a material nature that are units for documentation and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.

The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen. Typically, instances of E19 Physical Object can be moved (if not too heavy).

In some contexts, such objects, except for aggregates, are also called “bona fide objects” (Smith & Varzi, 2000, pp.401-420), i.e. naturally defined objects.

The decision as to what is documented as a complete item, rather than by its parts or components, may be a purely administrative decision or may be a result of the order in which the item was acquired.

• John Smith
• Aphrodite of Milos
• the Palace of Knossos
• the Cullinan Diamond
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch

Scope note:

• John Smith
• Aphrodite of Milos
• the Palace of Knossos
• the Cullinan Diamond 
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch

Scope note:

• John Smith
• Aphrodite of Milos
• the Palace of Knossos
• the Cullinan Diamond 
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch

Scope note:

• John Smith
• Aphrodite of Milos
• the Palace of Knossos
• the Cullinan Diamond 
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch

Scope note:

• John Smith
• Aphrodite of Milos (Kousser, 2005)                 
• the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921-36)
• the Cullinan Diamond (Scarratt and Shor, 2006)
• Apollo 13 at the time of launch (Lovell and Kluger, 1994)

Scope note:

• Bronze Age (E4)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)

Scope note:

• Bronze Age (E4)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)

Scope note:

This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time.

In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Stuff.

• Bronze Age (E4)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)

Scope note:

This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods and E5 Events, which happen over a limited extent in time. This extent in time must be contiguous, i.e., without gaps. In case the defining kinds of phenomena for an instance of E2 Temporal Entity cease to happen, and occur later again at another time, we regard that the former instance of E2 Temporal Entity has ended and a new instance has come into existence. In more intuitive terms, the same event cannot happen twice.

In some contexts, such phenomena are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item and is an abstract class that typically has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.

• Bronze Age (E4) (Childe, 1963)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3) (Maddox, 2015)

Scope note:

• Bronze Age (E4)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)

Scope note:

• Bronze Age (E4)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)

Scope note:

This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time.

In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.

• Bronze Age (E4)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)

Scope note:

• Bronze Age (E4)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)

Scope note:

• Bronze Age (E4)  (Childe, 1963)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5) (Chester, 2001)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3) (Maddox, 2015)

Scope note:

• Bronze Age (E4)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)

Scope note:

This class comprises all phenomena, such as the instances of E4 Periods, E5 Events and states, which happen over a limited extent in time.

In some contexts, these are also called perdurants. This class is disjoint from E77 Persistent Item. This is an abstract class and has no direct instances. E2 Temporal Entity is specialized into E4 Period, which applies to a particular geographic area (defined with a greater or lesser degree of precision), and E3 Condition State, which applies to instances of E18 Physical Thing.

• Bronze Age (E4)
• the earthquake in Lisbon 1755 (E5)
• the Peterhof Palace near Saint Petersburg being in ruins from 1944 – 1946 (E3)

Scope note:

• me
• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great]
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived or are natural products of or from living organisms.

Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Man-Made Object.

• me
• Tut-Ankh-AmunP
• Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great]
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

• me
• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great]
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived or are natural products of or from living organisms.

Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Man-Made Object.

• me
• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great]
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived or are natural products of or from living organisms.

Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Human-Made Object.

• me (fictitious)
• Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
• Boukephalus [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005)
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

• me
• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great]
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

This class comprises individual items of a material nature, which live, have lived or are natural products of or from living organisms.

Artificial objects that incorporate biological elements, such as Victorian butterfly frames, can be documented as both instances of E20 Biological Object and E22 Man-Made Object.

• me
• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great]
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

• me
• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great]
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

• me
• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great]
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

• me
• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great]
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

• me (fictitious)  
• Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards, 1979)
• Boukephalas [Horse of Alexander the Great] (Lamb, 2005)
• petrified dinosaur excrement PA1906-344

Scope note:

• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Nelson Mandela

Scope note:

This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.

Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.

• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Nelson Mandela

Scope note:

• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Nelson Mandela

Scope note:

This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.

Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.

• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Nelson Mandela

Scope note:

This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.

Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CIDOC CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.

In a bibliographic context, a name presented following the conventions usually employed for personal names will be assumed to correspond to an actual real person (an instance of E21 Person), unless evidence is available to indicate that this is not the case. The fact that a persona may erroneously be classified as an instance of E21 Person does not imply that the concept comprises personae.

• Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards and Boltin, 1979)
• Nelson Mandela (Brown and Hort, 2006)

Scope note:

• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Nelson Mandela

Scope note:

This class comprises real persons who live or are assumed to have lived.

Legendary figures that may have existed, such as Ulysses and King Arthur, fall into this class if the documentation refers to them as historical figures. In cases where doubt exists as to whether several persons are in fact identical, multiple instances can be created and linked to indicate their relationship. The CRM does not propose a specific form to support reasoning about possible identity.

• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Nelson Mandela

Scope note:

• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Nelson Mandela

Scope note:

• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Nelson Mandela

Scope note:

• Tut-Ankh-Amun
• Nelson Mandela

Scope note:

• Tut-Ankh-Amun (Edwards, 1979)
• Nelson Mandela (Brown, 2006)

Scope note:

This class comprises all persistent physical objects of any size that are purposely created by human activity and have physical boundaries that separate them completely in an objective way from other objects.

The class also includes all aggregates of objects made for functional purposes of whatever kind, independent of physical coherence, such as a set of chessmen.

• the Rosetta Stone (E22)
• LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard [the World’s fastest steam locomotive, preserved at the National Railway Museum of York, UK] (Solomon, 2003)
• the Portland Vase (Walker, 2004)

Scope note:

•   Mallard (the World’s fastest steam engine) (Solomon, 2003)
•   the Portland Vase (Walker, 2004)
•   the Coliseum (Hopkins, 2005)

Scope note:

• Mallard (the World’s fastest steam engine)
• the Portland Vase
• the Coliseum

Scope note:

• Mallard (the World’s fastest steam engine)
• the Portland Vase
• the Coliseum

Scope note:

This class comprises physical objects purposely created by human activity.

No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, an inscribed piece of rock or a preserved butterfly are both regarded as instances of E22 Man-Made Object.

• Mallard (the World’s fastest steam engine)
• the Portland Vase
• the Coliseum

Scope note:

• Mallard (the World’s fastest steam engine)
• the Portland Vase
• the Coliseum

Scope note:

This class comprises physical objects purposely created by human activity.

No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, an inscribed piece of rock or a preserved butterfly are both regarded as instances of E22 Man-Made Object.

• Mallard (the World’s fastest steam engine)
• the Portland Vase
• the Coliseum

Scope note:

• Mallard (the World’s fastest steam engine)
• the Portland Vase
• the Coliseum

Scope note:

This class comprises physical objects purposely created by human activity.

No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, an inscribed piece of rock or a preserved butterfly are both regarded as instances of E22 Man-Made Object.

• Mallard (the World’s fastest steam engine)
• the Portland Vase
• the Coliseum

Scope note:

• Mallard (the World’s fastest steam engine)
• the Portland Vase
• the Coliseum

Scope note:

• Mallard (the World’s fastest steam engine)
• the Portland Vase
• the Coliseum

Scope note:

This class comprises all persistent physical items of any size that are purposely created by human activity. This class comprises, besides others, Human-Made objects, such as a sword, and Human-Made features, such as rock art. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing.

Instances of Human-Made thing may be the result of modifying pre-existing physical things, preserving larger parts or most of the original matter and structure, which poses the question if they are new or even Human-Made, the respective interventions of production made on such original material should be obvious and sufficient to regard that the product has a new, distinct identity and intended function and is human-made. Substantial continuity of the previous matter and structure in the new product can be documented by describing the production process also as an instance of E81 Transformation.

Whereas interventions of conservation and repair are not regarded to produce a new Human-Made thing, the results of preparation of natural history specimens that substantially change their natural or original state should be regarded as physical Human-Made things, including the uncovering of petrified biological features from a solid piece of stone. On the other side, scribbling a museum number on a natural object should not be regarded to make it Human-Made. This notwithstanding, parts, sections, segments, or features of a physical Human-Made thing may continue to be non-Human-Made and preserved during the production process, for example natural pearls used as a part of an eardrop.

• the Forth Railway Bridge (Shipway, Bouch, Baker and Fowler, 1990).
• the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, Marcou and Vickerman, 1991)
• the Palace of Knossos (Evans, 1921)
• the Coliseum in Rome, Italy (Hopkins and Beard, 2011)
• the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, 2005)
• the Rosetta Stone (E22)
• my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious)
• the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22)
• my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious)

Scope note:

• the Forth Railway Bridge (E22) (The Forth Railway Bridge centenary 1890-1990 ICE Proceedings, 1990, Vol.88(6), pp.1079-1107).
• the Channel Tunnel (E25) (Holliday, I., Marcou, G., and Vickerman, R. W., 1991)
•  the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78) (Georgoula, E., 2005)
•  the Rosetta Stone (E22)
•  my paperback copy of Crime & Punishment (E22) (fictitious)
•  the computer disk at ICS-FORTH that stores the canonical Definition of the CIDOC CRM v.3.2 (E22)
•  my empty DVD disk (E22) (fictitious)

Scope note:

This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity.

This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Stuff.

• the Forth Railway Bridge (E22)
• the Channel Tunnel (E25)
• the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)

Scope note:

• the Forth Railway Bridge (E22) 
• the Channel Tunnel (E25) 
• the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)

Scope note:

This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity.

This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.

• the Forth Railway Bridge (E22)
• the Channel Tunnel (E25)
• the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)

Scope note:

• the Forth Railway Bridge (E22) 
• the Channel Tunnel (E25) 
• the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)

Scope note:

• the Forth Railway Bridge (E22) 
• the Channel Tunnel (E25) 
• the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)

Scope note:

This class comprises all persistent physical items that are purposely created by human activity.

This class comprises man-made objects, such as a swords, and man-made features, such as rock art. No assumptions are made as to the extent of modification required to justify regarding an object as man-made. For example, a “cup and ring” carving on bedrock is regarded as instance of E24 Physical Man-Made Thing.

• the Forth Railway Bridge (E22)
• the Channel Tunnel (E25)
• the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)

Scope note:

• the Forth Railway Bridge (E22) 
• the Channel Tunnel (E25) 
• the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)

Scope note:

• the Forth Railway Bridge (E22) 
• the Channel Tunnel (E25) 
• the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)

Scope note:

• the Forth Railway Bridge (E22) 
• the Channel Tunnel (E25) 
• the Historical Collection of the Museum Benaki in Athens (E78)

Scope note:

This class comprises physical features that are purposely created by human activity, such as scratches, artificial caves, artificial water channels, etc. In particular, it includes the information encoding features on mechanical or digital carriers.

• the Manchester Ship Canal (Farnie, 1980)
• Michael Jackson’s nose following plastic surgery
• the laser-readable “pits” engraved June 2014 on Martin Doerr’s CD-R, copying songs of Edith Piaf.
• the carved letters on the Rosetta Stone

Scope note:

• the Manchester Ship Canal (Famie, 1980)
• Michael Jackson’s nose following plastic surgery
• The laser-readable “pits” engraved June 2014 on Martin Doerr’s CD-R, copying songs of Edith Piaf’s.
• The carved letters on the Rosetta Stone

Scope note:

• the Manchester Ship Canal
• Michael Jackson’s nose following plastic surgery