Classes & Properties Declarations of CRMtex version: 2.0

This class comprises visible or tactile marks (called glyphs or graphs), which relate in a systematic way to units of speech, intentionally traced (i.e., “written”) on some kind of physical support by using specific techniques and tools, with the purpose of conveying a message towards a given receiver or group of receivers.

• The signs composing the inscription engraved on the South side of the attic of the Arch of Constantine (E22) in Rome (see section 1.3.1).
• The signs composing the text written on papyrus PSI XIII 1304 containing the so-called Hellenica Oxyrhynchia (TM 59482^[7]).

TX1(x) ⇒ E25(x)

This class describes the activity of communicating information by means of permanent, visible marks in a non-mechanical way, using various techniques (painting, sculpture, etc.) and by means of specific tools, on a given support.

• The process of engraving in the marble of the inscription (TX1) placed on the south attic of the Arch of Constantine (E22) in Rome.

TX2(x) ⇒ F28(x)

This class represents a conventional symbolic system designed to represent units of a natural language with the purpose of recording and transmitting information. A writing system consists of a set of symbols (graphemes, TX8), instantiated through physical signs of a visual or tactile nature (glyphs, TX9) representing linguistic units of any kind and the related syntactic (i.e., graphotactic) rules.

It is used to produce a TX1 Written Text during a TX2 Writing event.

• The Latin alphabet used to encode the signs (TX1) composing the text (E33) of the inscription in Latin language occurring on the Arch of Constantine (E22).
• The Roman Latin writing system for creating public inscriptions.
• The Cypriot syllabary^[8] used in Iron Age Cyprus for codifying the Arcado-Cypriot dialect.
• The Chinese (Han) script used by Wang Xizhi to write the manuscript Lanting Xu (“Orchid Pavilion Preface”).

TX3(x) ⇒ E29(x)

This class describes the portion of the physical carrier arranged and usually reserved and delimited for the purpose of accommodating a written text, highlighting and isolating it from the other parts of the object to which it belongs, enhancing and guaranteeing its readability. This entity is paramount specially in epigraphy, in which a specific element called “epigraphic field” has been defined by the discipline itself. Its importance is also evident in papyrology and codicology, where a clear distinction between area(s) containing the written text and empty parts of the support (margins, intercolumnia, etc.) is significant for the definition of styles and periods of the document.

• The portion of the marble tombstone^[9] (E22) of M. Helvius Geminus from Ephesus reserved for accommodating the inscription (TX1).

TX4(x) ⇒ E25(x)

This class comprises activities of recognizing physical features on some surface, often an instance of TX4 Writing Field, as an arrangement of a series of identifiable glyphs of some known script, deciphered or not, in an order characteristic for a text.

For study purposes, the text recognition procedure requires a scientific autoptic examination of the text. An autoptic examination consists of an accurate analysis of the surface and the signs, and prescribes the use of specific tools and procedures for establishing the exact value of each sign on the physical feature. Deterioration of the original medium or “sloppy” writing may render parts of the original text as undecipherable or ambiguous, which may be annotated in the transcript following epigraphic standards; a text recognition typically results in a record of an equivalent sequence of graphemes on another persistent medium in a scholarly established form of representation of the respective graphemes, often called a “transcript”.

An instance of TX5 Text Recognition may in particular apply even to a single glyph, typically forming part of an instance of TX5 Text Recognition applying to a larger sequence of glyphs containing the former glyph.

The recognition process may be assisted by mechanical means, imaging technology, or a traditional squeeze for incised glyphs. In case the recognition process is solely based on the latter, the observation concerns only the representations on the latter as present to the researcher in some physical form or projection and should unambiguously be documented as such.

In case the recognized text has not been documented in a transcript, text recognition may constitute an implicit part of an overarching reading process, instance of TX14 Reading, which has resulted in other noteworthy propositions related to the content of the recognized text. On the other side, recognition of single glyphs or contracted parts of texts, as they are characteristic for the use of ligatured scripts, may quite well be implicitly supported by the reader’s comprehension of the text and the creator of the transcript may have chosen not to annotate parts that the reader regarded as unambiguous. Since these cases can often hardly be separated from the shape recognition of the glyphs in isolation, documenting such implicit comprehension as a separate process may not be relevant. It is however regarded as good practice to document explicitly the reading process and associated interpretative reasoning for any non-trivial resolution of ambiguity or gaps in the recognized text that has a bearing on the transcript or further completion of the transcript.

• The autoptic investigation of the South inscription (TX1) on the Arch of Constantine (E22) made by Rodolfo Lanciani between 1893 and 1901.

TX5(x) ⇒ S4(x)

TX5(x) ⇒ E65(x)

This class comprises activities of exactly re-writing (i.e., re-encoding) an instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence, i.e., the characters of a text, a contiguous part or a single character of it, by using a writing system (TX3) different from that of the original text, without changing the order of characters or words, by using standard correspondences.

This operation may apply a 1:1 relation between the signs of the two writing systems, a “transliteration” in the narrower sense (e.g., the ALA-LC Romanization of Greek to Latin). It may also apply an approximation of the sounds of a language, as defined by the source writing system, by that of the target writing system, normally called a “transcription” (e.g., the “rōmaji” Romanization of Japanese), or a mixture of both (e.g. the ELOT 743 Type 2 – transcription of Greek to Latin letters). In a broader sense, the term “transcription” also applies to the activity of re-encoding a text using the same writing system (see example 1). The P16 used specific object (was used for) property can be used to specify the applied method of correspondence.

• Transcription, in Latin letters, of the Latin inscription(s) (TX1) on the Arch of Constantine (E22) reported in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL VI 1139).
• The transliteration and the transcription of the ancient Persian name of king Darius I, written in Persian cuneiform , into Latin script as respectively ‘da-a-ra-ya-va-u-ša’ and ‘Dârayavauš’.

TX6(x) ⇒ E65(x)

This class describes portions of text considered to be of particular significance by scholars, as witnesses of a certain meaning or bearers of a particular phenomenon relevant to the investigation, study and understanding of a text. Examples of such text portions are columns, fragments, sections, paragraphs, as well as single words or signs, or other components of a written text. To each of these entities can be associated a single production event (TX2) or destruction event (E6), as in the case of letters or words damaged or worn by atmospheric agents or human interventions, as well as specific conditions (E3) for documenting its status during the text recognition process (TX5). The relationship between a written text (TX1) and its components is documented through the TXP4 has segment property.

• The “INSTINCTV DIVINITATIS” text portion of the inscription (TX1) on the Arch of Constantine (E22), commented by Rodolfo Lanciani in 1892, in his book Pagan and Christian Rome (see section 1.3.1).
• The first paragraph of the Darius I’s inscription (TX1) in Bagistan.

TX7(x) ⇒ TX1(x)

This class comprises symbols used as kinds of atomic units with distinctive value in a given writing system in order to represent linguistic units of some level to encode elements of a message. According to the typology of the writing system, the represented linguistic units can be phonemes (as in Latin), syllables (as in Mycenaean Linear B), up to complete words (as in Chinese and Sumerian scripts).

A writing system also provides the conventions determining how the graphemes are to be used to write a language (orthographic rules).

In some writing systems, graphemes may also be used as auxiliary signs, for instance, for disambiguating senses of homonyms, as in the Japanese writing system, or to mark the semantic categories of the words, as in the ancient Egyptian determinatives.

• The abstract unit “S” of the Latin alphabet, used to represent the /s/ sound
• The abstract unit of the ancient Persian syllabary, used to represent the /da/ syllable.
• The abstract unit “安” of the Han script, used to represent the meaning “peace”.
• 行きます, ching, gyo, iku, zuku.

TX8(x) ⇒ E55(x)

This class describes the physical, concrete features traced by a writer, representing the material manifestations of the graphemes needed to codify a linguistic expression. Glyphs are typically observed by the scholars during a text recognition activity (TX5) carried out to decode and recognise the graphemes (TX8) they represent.

• The S-shaped feature engraved on the second line of the South inscription on the Arch of Constantine, representing the letter (grapheme) “S” of the Latin writing system used to render the sound of the /s/ phoneme (see section 1.3.1).
• The first feature engraved on the first line of Darius I’s inscription (TX1) in Bagistan, representing the ideal syllabogram of the ancient Persian syllabary, used to render the /da/ syllable.

TX9(x) ⇒ TX7(x)

This class describes stylistic variations of texts, including local script styles (as the Carolingian minuscule for the Latin script) and individual scribal hands. It includes: the general appearance of the script, in terms of general design, aspects related to a bilinear system (i.e., upper- and lowercase), measures (i.e., large, medium or small), shape and number of strokes forming a character, its order and direction. A style includes also information about ductus (the direction the text), ligatures and nexi (i.e., the connection between characters obtained by tracing them without detaching the writing instrument from the support and using one or more strokes in common), and the writing angle (i.e., the position the writing instrument is located with respect to the support). The style corresponds to fonts and their variations in the modern printing process.

• The Roman square capitals style, also called capitalis monumentalis, or capitalis quadrata used to write the inscription on the Arch of Constantine.
• The “Carolingian minuscule” style used in the Carolingian Gospel Book identified as “British Library, Add MS 11848”.

TX10(x) ⇒ E29(x)

This class comprises single occurrences of a Grapheme used as an atomic unit at a particular position in the abstract form of a given particular piece of text.

• The ideal letter “S” of the Latin alphabet, used to represent the /s/ sound, rendered by the specific S-shaped feature engraved on the second line of the South inscription on the attic of the Arch of Constantine (see section 1.3.1)
• The ideal ‘da’ syllabogram of the ancient Persian syllabary, used to represent the /da/ syllable rendered by the cuneiform sign engraved on the first line of Darius I’s inscription (TX1) in Bagistan.

TX11(x) ⇒ TX12(x)

This class comprises particular sequences of Graphemes used for representing the abstract written form of a section of a given particular text.

• The grapheme sequence ‘INSTINCTV DIVINITATIS’ [as recognised by the autoptic investigation of the Arch of Constantine, carried out by Rodolfo Lanciani]

TX12(x) ⇒ E90(x)

This class comprises functionally complete sets of mutually different graphemes employed by one or more languages, regardless of the specific operating rules in a particular language. A writing system, on the other hand, also refers to the set of relations between symbols and linguistic units they represent. The same language may be written using different scripts.

• The Latin script used by the Italian and English writing systems.
• The Latin and the Greek scripts used for the encoding of the Oscan language, creating the Oscan-Greek and Oscan-Latin writing systems.

TX13(x) ⇒ E89(x)

This class describes the complete intellectual activity, involving the interaction of visual-perceptual, linguistic, and conceptual systems, leading from text recognition (TX5) until its association with a complete linguistic meaning.

• The reading of the South inscription (TX1) on the Arch of Constantine (E22) made by Rodolfo Lanciani between 1893 and 1901.
• The reading of the Greek text present on the Derveni papyrus (E22).

TX5(x) ⇒ I1(x)

This property identifies the specific instance of TX3 Writing System employed during the writing event (TX2) that led to the creation of a written text (TX1).

• The Roman stonecutter used writing system “Latin” (TX3) for the engraving (TX2) of the inscription on the Arch of Constantine (TX1) (see section 1.3.1)
• The Greek scribe used writing system “Greek” (TX3) to trace (TX2) in ink the letters that compose the text of the Papyrus of Derveni (TX1).

TXP1(x,y) ⇒ TX2(x)

TXP1(x,y) ⇒ TX3(y)

TXP1(x,y) ⇒ P33(x,y)

This property describes the relation existing between a TX1 Written Text and the TX4 Writing Field, specifically created to accommodate the text, within which it is inscribed. This relation becomes quite relevant in the very frequent case where more than a single text is found on different areas of a specific support.

• The South framework (TX4) carved by the Roman stonecutter on top of the Arch includes the inscription on the South face of the Arch of Constantine (TX1).

TXP2(x,y) ⇒ TX1(x)

TXP2(x,y) ⇒ TX4(y)

TXP2(x,y) ⇒ P56(x,y)

This property is intended to correlate a text and the different parts of it which a scholar can identify, such as: letters, words, lines, columns, pages, or any other scan that can be made by scholars because it is considered to have a particular relevance for the investigation of the text itself.

• The “INSTINCTV DIVINITATIS” text portion is segment of the inscription (TX1) on the Arch of Constantine reported and commented by Rodolfo Lanciani in 1892 in his book Pagan and Christian Rome (see section 1.3.1).

TXP4(x,y) ⇒ TX1(x)

TXP4(x,y) ⇒ TX7(y)

TXP4(x,y) ⇒ P46(x,y)

TXP4 (x,y) ∧ TX9(x) ⇒ ¬TX7(y)

This property is used to describe in detail the close relationship between a text and the writing event that led to its production.

• The activity (TX2) carried out by the Greek stonecutters wrote the Gortyn Law inscription (TX1) on the wall of the Amphitheatre of Gortyn, Crete.

TXP5(x,y) ⇒ TX2(x)

TXP5(x,y) ⇒ TX1(y)

TXP5(x,y) ⇒ P108(x,y)

This property is used to indicate the language encoded by the TX3 Writing System and used for writing, reading or rendering (i.e. transcribing) a TX1 Written Text.

• The Latin alphabet (TX3), used to encode the identical inscriptions (TX1) on the Arch of Constantine, encodes the Latin language (E56) used to convey the message of the inscriptions.

TXP6(x,y) ⇒ TX3(x)

TXP6(x,y) ⇒ E56(y)

TXP6(x,y) ⇒ P2(x,y)

This property associates an instance of TX13 Script with an instance of TX8 Grapheme employed by this script. Different instances of TX13 Script may have some graphemes in common.

• The Latin script (TX13) has item the ideal capital letter “S”.

TXP7(x,y) ⇒ TX3(x)

TXP7(x,y) ⇒ TX8(y)

This property is used to state the (physical) belonging of a glyph to a given TX1 Written Text.

• The inscription (TX1) on the South face of the Arch of Constantine, has component the S-shaped glyph (TX9) engraved on the second line, representing the letter (TX8) “S” of the Latin writing system (TX3).

TXP8(x,y) ⇒ TX1(x)

TXP8(x,y) ⇒ TX9(y)

TXP8(x,y) ⇒ P46(x,y)

This property has the purpose of directly associating a TX1 Written Text with the TX3 Writing System used for encoding it. It is a shortcut of the more fully articulated path from TX1 Written Text through TXP5i was written by, TX2 Writing, TXP1 used writing system to TX3 Writing System.

• The Gortyn Law inscriptions (TX1), engraved on the wall of the Amphitheatre of Gortyn (Crete), is encoded using the Greek alphabet (TX3).

TXP9(x,y) ⇒ TX1(x)

TXP9(x,y) ⇒ TX3(y)

TXP9(x,y) ⇔ (∃z)[TX2(z)] ˄ TXP5(z, x) ˄ TXP1(z, y)]

This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition with an instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing carrying a glyph or a sequence of glyphs that was recognized in the respective activity of text recognition. Typically, the associated instance of E24 Physical Human-Made Thing is more specifically an instance of TX1 Written Text, however, a text may also be recognized from a mechanical copy, a photograph, squeeze or other form of material copy of a written original, which would not by itself constitute an instance of TX1 Written Text. In the latter case, the material copy should be associated with the original written text using the property ‘P130 shows features’.

If the text was actually recognized only from a digital representation, this property should not be used, rather the property TXP13 deciphered via the representation should be used instead.

• The autoptic investigation (TX5) carried out by Rodolfo Lanciani between 1893 and 1901, deciphered the South inscription (TX1) on the Arch of Constantine.

TXP10(x,y) ⇒ TX5(x)

TXP10(x,y) ⇒ E24(y)

TXP10(x,y) ⇒ O8(x,y)

TXP10(x, z1) ∧ TXP14(x, z2) ⇒ P130(z1, z2)

This property describes the relation between an activity of TX6 Transliteration and the identified sequence of graphemes (TX12) represented in an instance of TX1 Written Text.

• The transcription (TX6) of the S-shaped feature engraved on the second line of the South inscription of the Arch of Constantine transcribed the prototypical letter “S” (TX8) of the Latin writing system (TX3).

TXP11(x,y) ⇒ TX6(x)

TXP11(x,y) ⇒ TX12(y)

TXP11(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)

This property describes information about the style used for the realization of the written text (TX1). The property TXP12.1 has type allows the nature of the style to be specified, for example to record the direction, orientation or the linear system of the text.

• The Latin text in the Carolingian Gospel Book identified as “British Library, Add MS 11848”^[10], has style “Carolingian minuscule”
• The inscription (TX1) on the Arch of Constantine has style ductus (TX10) has type dextroverse (E55)

TXP12(x,y) ⇒ TX1(x)

TXP12(x,y) ⇒ TX10(y)

TXP12(x,y) ⇒ P33(x,y)

This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition with an instance of E36 Visual Item, capturing the optical impression of an instance of TX1 Written Text by some mechanical method, that was used for recognizing the text without access to the original text and without an explicitly documented material copy or electronic display device that was used for the process.

If the text was actually recognized from an autoptic recognition or from a material reproduction, this property may not be used but the property “TXP10 deciphered text (was deciphered by)” should be used instead.

This property should also not be used, if the recognition of the text was actually carried out from the original text or a material copy of it together with an auxiliary instance of E36 Visual Item. In this case, the use of the auxiliary material should be documented with the more general property P16 used specific object.

• The recognition of text in the Antikythera mechanism (TX5) deciphered via the representation produced using BTI imaging (E36).

TXP13(x,y) ⇒ TX5(x)

TXP13(x,y) ⇒ E36(y)

TXP13(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)

TXP13(x, y) ⇒ (∃z) [TXP14(x, z) ∧ P138(y, z) ^ ¬TXP10(x, z)]

This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition, carried out only via copies or representations of a text, with the original instance of TX1 Written Text that was represented on the used copies or digital surrogates.

This property is to be used only for non-autoptic recognition. If this particular recognition of the text was actually carried out from the original text, the property TXP10 deciphered text should be used for associating the instance of TX5 Text Recognition with the original instance of TX1 Written Text.

If some form of material copy of the written text was used for the text recognition, then this material copy should be associated with the original written text using the property ‘P130 shows features of’.

• The non-autoptic recognition of the inscription text on the Arch of Constantine (TX5) used a copy or representation of the written text (TX1) on the Arch of Constantine [performed using a photo of the arch].

TXP14(x,y) ⇒ TX5(x)

TXP14(x,y) ⇒ TX1(y)

TXP14(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)

TPX14(x, z2) ∧ TXP10(x, z1) ⇒ P130(z2, z1)

This property associates an instance of TX5 Text Recognition with an instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence that was created by this activity of text recognition for recording and representing as faithfully as possible the exact value of each sign on the physical material of the recognized instance of TX1 Written Text.

• The autoptic investigation carried out by Rodolfo Lanciani (TX5) recorded correspondence the grapheme sequence ‘INSTINCTV DIVINITATIS’ on the Arch of Constantine (TX12) .

TXP15(x,y) ⇒ TX5(x)

TXP15(x,y) ⇒ TX12(y)

TXP15(x,y) ⇒ P94(x,y)

This property associates an instance of TX3 Writing System with one of the instances of the script (TX13) it employs.

• The Latin writing system used in the inscription of the Arch of Constantine (TX3) employs script the Latin script (TX13).
• The Oscan writing system used in the inscription of the Tabula Bantina (TX3) employs script the Latin script (TX13).
• The Oscan writing system (TX3) used in the inscription of the Arch of Constantine employs script the Greek script (TX13).

TXP16(x,y) ⇒ TX3(x)

TXP16(x,y) ⇒ TX13(y)

TXP16 (x,y) ⇒ P148(x,y)

This property associates an instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence with another instance of TX12 Grapheme Sequence appearing at a particular position of the sequence. The property can be also used by an instance of TX11 Grapheme Occurrence (subclass of TX12 Grapheme Sequence) for denoting that a grapheme occurrence has part another grapheme occurrence. Note that a grapheme occurrence may be a symbolic composite containing another grapheme occurrence, such as the minute character “e” on top of the character “u” in former German writing systems denoting the symbol for “ü”.

• The “DIVINITATIS” grapheme sequence (TX12), corresponding to the glyph sequence of the inscription (TX1) on the Arch of Constantine, has part the “AT” grapheme sequence (TX12) [which appears to be damaged].

TXP17(x,y) ⇒ TX12(x)

TXP17(x,y) ⇒ TX12(y)

TXP17(x,y) ⇒ P106(x,y)

TXP17(x,y) ∧ TX11(x) ⇒ ¬TX12(y)

This property associates an instance of TX14 Reading with an instance of TX1 Written Text whose linguistic meaning was interpreted/understood through the reading process. It is a shortcut of the fully developed path from TX14 Reading through P9 consists of, TX5 Text Recognition, TXP10 deciphered text, to TX1 Written Text.

• Reading the Greek text present on the Derveni papyrus (TX14) read the papyrus (TX1) [interpreted the linguistic meaning that was carried by it]

TXP18(x,y) ⇒ TX14(x)

TXP18(x,y) ⇒ TX1 (y)

TXP18(x,y) ⇒ P16(x,y)

TXP18(x,y) ⇒ (∃z) [TX5(z) ˄ P9(x,z) ˄ TXP10(z, y)]