CRMsci 3.2 / OWL
type: Ontology
version IRI: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/extensions/crmsci/owl/3.2/
imports: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/cidoc-crm/owl/7.1.3/
imports: http://www.cidoc-crm.org/extensions/crminf/owl/1.2.1/
version info: CRMsci Ontology 3.2 (May, 2026) including references to CIDOC-CRM 7.1.3 and CRMinf 1.2.1

S1 Matter Removal
type: Class
notation: S1
preferred label: Matter Removal
subclass of: E7 Activity
comment: Scope note: This class comprises the activities that result in an instance of S10 Material Substantial being decreased by the removal of an amount of matter. Typical scenarios include the removal of a component or piece of a physical object, removal of an archaeological or geological layer, taking a tissue sample from a body or a sample of fluid from a body of water. The removed matter may acquire a persistent identity of different nature beyond the act of its removal, such as becoming a physical object in the narrower sense. Such cases should be modelled by using multiple instantiation with adequate concepts of creating the respective items. Examples: - the removal of the layer of black overpainting that covered the background of ‘La Gioconda of the Prado’ between 2011 and 2012 by the Prado Museum in Madrid (Museo del Prado, 2012) In First Order Logic: - S1(x) ⇒ E7(x) - E80(x) ⇒ S1(x)

S2 Sample Taking
type: Class
notation: S2
preferred label: Sample Taking
subclass of: S1 Matter Removal
comment: Scope note: This class comprises the activity that results in taking an amount of matter as sample for further analysis from a material substantial such as a body of water, a geological formation, or an archaeological object. The removed matter may acquire a persistent identity of different nature beyond the act of its removal, such as becoming a physical object in the narrower sense. The sample is typically removed from a physical feature which is used as a frame of reference, the place of sampling. In case of a non-rigid Material Substantial, the source of sampling need not be modified by the activity of sample taking. Examples: - the water sampling carried out by IGME, sampled from borehole 10/G5 at 419058.03, 4506565, 95.7 Mygdonia basin on 28/6/2005 (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - the collection of specimen ‘FHO – Benth. - 1055’ from a plant of the species ‘spiciformis’ in Zambia by Bullock, A.A. in 1939) - the collection of micro-sample 7, from the paint layer on the area of the apple shown on the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ (Cranach) by Joyce Plesters in June 1963 (The National Gallery, London, 1963) In First Order Logic: - S2(x) ⇒ S1(x)

S3 Measurement by Sampling
type: Class
notation: S3
preferred label: Measurement by Sampling
subclass of: S21 Measurement
subclass of: S2 Sample Taking
comment: Scope note: This class comprises activities of taking a sample and measuring or analysing it as one unit of activity, in which the sample is typically not identified and preserved beyond the context of this activity. Instances of this class describe the taking of one or more samples regardless whether they are explicitly identified in documentation or preserved beyond this activity. The dimensions observed by the respective measurement of this particular sample are regarded as dimensions of the instance of S10 Material Substantial at the place from which the samples were taken. Therefore, the class S3 Measurement by Sampling inherits the properties of S2 Sample Taking O3 sampled from (was sample by): S10 Material Substantial and O4 sampled at (was sampling location of): E53 Place, and the properties of S21 Measurement O24 measured (was measured by): S15 Observable Entity. It needs not instantiate the properties O5 removed (was removed by): S13 Sample and O24 measured (was measured by): S15 Observable Entity, if the sample is not documented beyond the context of the activity. Examples: - the chemical analysis 1 on 20/4/2004 which sampled from layer 50501 and observed 70 mg of Ca (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - the Sphaerosyllislevantina specimen length measurement on 12/3/1999 (Bekiari et al., 2014) - the measurement of retention times during Gas Chromatography analysis of a paint sample ‘mid-blue paint for the sky’ which identified Linseed oil as the paint medium (Foister, 2015) In First Order Logic: - S3(x) ⇒ S2(x) - S3(x) ⇒ S21(x)

S4 Single Observation
type: Class
notation: S4
preferred label: Single Observation
subclass of: E13 Attribute Assignment
subclass of: S27 Observation
comment: Scope note: This class comprises the activity of gaining scientific knowledge about particular states of physical reality through empirical evidence, experiments, or measurements, for cases in which the observed knowledge can be described by a single binary proposition relating one instance of S15 Observable Entity to some instance of E1 CRM Entity. Examples: - the observation of the density of the X-Ray image of cupid's head from the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ as ‘high density’, on the 19th of March 1963 (The National Gallery, London, 1963) - the observation of visible light absorption of the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ as ‘having red pigment’ in 2015 (Foister, 2015) In First Order Logic: - S4(x) ⇒ S27(x) - S4(x) ⇒ E13(x) - E16(x) ⇒ S4(x)

S5 Inference Making
type: Class
notation: S5
preferred label: Inference Making
subclass of: I1 Argumentation
comment: Scope note: This class comprises the action of making propositions and statements about particular states of affairs, in reality or in possible realities, or categorical descriptions of reality by using inferences from other statements based on hypotheses and any form of formal or informal logic. It includes evaluations, calculations, and interpretations based on mathematical formulations and propositions. Examples: - the inference made by Sakellarakis in 1980 about the sacrifice of a young man in the Minoan temple of Anemospilia based on the skeleton found (and 2 more) in the west room of the temple and the ritual bronze knife on it and the hypothesis that he died from loss of blood [the evidence was that his bones remained white in contrast to the others] (Sakellarakis and Sapouna-Sakellaraki, 1981) - the inference that the underdrawing of the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ was done with red pigment, based on the observation that red pigment lines appear under the top paint layers (Foister, 2015) In First Order Logic: - S5(x) ⇔ I1(x)

S6 Data Evaluation
type: Class
notation: S6
preferred label: Data Evaluation
subclass of: S5 Inference Making
comment: Scope note: This class comprises the action of concluding propositions on a respective reality from observational data by making evaluations based on mathematical inference rules and calculations using established hypotheses, such as the calculation of an earthquake epicentre. S6 Data Evaluation is distinct from both S21 Measurement and E16 Measurement; Secondary derivations of dimensions of an object from data measured by different processes are regarded as S6 Data Evaluation and not determining instances of Measurement in its own right. For instance, the volume of a statue concluded from a 3D model is an instance of S6 Data Evaluation and not of Measurement. Examples: - the calculation of the earthquake epicentre of Lokris area in 1989 by IGME (Ganas et al., 2006) - the calculation of the intensity distance and assignment of PGA_N using the gcf2sac software from the EPPO shock wave recording of 2/2/1990 in Athens (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - the calculation of the overall height of the statue of Hercules in the Temple of Hercules in Amman from the measurement of the size of the fragment of the fingers (‘Temple of Hercules (Amman)’, 2025) - Samuel Halpern’s 2007 determination of the position of the Titanic at the time of the collision (S6) [based on the position of the ship-wreck] (Halpern, 2007) In First Order Logic: - S6(x) ⇒ S5(x)

S7 Simulation or Prediction
type: Class
notation: S7
preferred label: Simulation or Prediction
subclass of: S5 Inference Making
comment: Scope note: This class comprises activities of executing algorithms or software for simulating the behaviour and the properties of a system of interacting components that form part of reality or not by using a mathematical model of the respective interactions. In particular, it implies making predictions about the future behaviours of a system of interacting components of reality by starting simulation from an actually observed state, such as weather forecasts. Simulations may also be used to understand the effects of a theory, to compare theoretical predictions with reality, or to show differences with another theory. Examples: - the forecasting of the imminent flooding of Venice in November 2012 by the Hellenic Centre for Marine Research using the Poseidon Sea Level Forecast System, 72 hours before its actual occurrence (slide 18 in Kores et al., 2013) - predicting the required temperature to maintain a target RH (%) of 50, based on monthly average temperature and RH in Birmingham, UK [using the ‘Calculator for conservation heating’] (Padfield, no date) In First Order Logic: - S7(x) ⇒ S5(x)

S8 Categorical Hypothesis Building
type: Class
notation: S8
preferred label: Categorical Hypothesis Building
subclass of: S5 Inference Making
comment: Scope note: This class comprises the action of making categorical hypotheses based on inference rules and theories; By categorical hypotheses we mean assumptions about the kinds of interactions and related kinds of structures of a domain that have the character of “laws” of nature or human behaviour, be it necessary or probabilistic. Categorical hypotheses are developed by “induction” from finite numbers of observations and the absence of observations of some particular kind. As such, categorical hypotheses are always subject to falsification by new evidence. Instances of S8 Categorical Hypothesis Building include making and questioning categorical hypotheses. Examples: - hypothesising that “no binding before the 9(th) century is made with spine supports” by Szirmai [documented in section 7.1 and 7.2 of “The Archaeology of Medieval bookbinding”] (Szirmai, 1999) In First Order Logic: - S8(x) ⇒ S5(x)

S9 Property Type
type: Class
notation: S9
preferred label: Property Type
subclass of: E55 Type
comment: Scope note: This class comprises properties. Typically, instances of S9 Property Type would be taken from an ontology or terminological system. In particular, instances of this class can be used to describe in a parametric way what kind of properties the values in scientific data sets are about. By virtue of such descriptions, numeric data can be interpreted as sets of propositions in terms of a formal ontology, such as “concentration of nitrate”, observed in the ground water from a certain borehole. Examples: - the velocity (of a station that is observed, meaning a share-wave velocity over the first 30 m). (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - the retention time [in gas chromatography, meaning the time it takes for a component to pass through the chromatographer's column] (‘Gas chromatography’, 2025) In First Order Logic: - S9(x) ⇒ E55(x)

S10 Material Substantial
type: Class
notation: S10
preferred label: Material Substantial
subclass of: E70 Thing
subclass of: S15 Observable Entity
comment: Scope note: This class comprises constellations of matter with a relative stability of any form sufficient to associate them with a persistent identity, such as being confined to certain extent, having a relative stability of form or structure, or containing a fixed amount of matter. In particular, it comprises physical things in the narrower sense and fluid bodies. It is an abstraction of physical substance for solid and non-solid things of matter. Examples: - the groundwater of the 5-22 basin of Central Macedonia (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - the Mesozoic carbonate sequence with flysch extracted from the area of Nafplion that was mapped and studied by Tattaris in 1970 (Photiades, 2010) - Parnassos, the limestone mountain (Strid, 1986) In First Order Logic: - S10(x) ⇒ E70(x) - S10(x) ⇒ S15(x) - E18(x) ⇒ S10(x)

S11 Amount of Matter
type: Class
notation: S11
preferred label: Amount of Matter
subclass of: S10 Material Substantial
comment: Scope note: This class comprises fixed amounts of matter specified as some air, some water, some soil, etc., defined by the total and integrity of their material content. In order to be able to identify and recognize in practice one instance of S11 Amount of Matter, some sort of confinement is needed that serves as a constraint for the enclosed matter and the integrity of the content, such as a bottle. In contrast to instances of E18 Physical Thing, no stability of form is required. The content may be put into another bottle without losing its identity. Subclasses may define very different identity conditions for the integrity of the content, such as chemical composition, or the sequence of layers of a bore core. Whereas an instance of E18 Physical Thing may gradually change form and chemical composition while preserving its identity, such as living beings, an instance of S11 Amount of Matter may lose its identifying features by such processes. What matters for the identity of an instance of S1 Amount of Matter is the preservation of a relevant composition from the initial state of definition onwards. Examples: - the mass of soil that was removed from sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the central building of Zominthos in order to be sieved, during the excavation in 2006 (Archaeological Institute of America, 2006) - the amount of natural cement that was added in a proportion of 5% in 2016 for the development of the sample of mortar in the laboratory of Ceramic, in Boumerdes University (Kelouaz et al., 2016) In First Order Logic: - S11(x) ⇒ S10(x)

S12 Amount of Fluid
type: Class
notation: S12
preferred label: Amount of Fluid
subclass of: S11 Amount of Matter
subclass of: S14 Fluid Body
comment: Scope note: This class comprises fixed amounts of fluid (be they gas or liquid) defined by the total of its material content, typically molecules. They frequently acquire identity in laboratory practice by the fact of being kept or handled together within some adequate containers. Examples: - J.K.’s blood sample 0019FCF5 for the measurement of the cholesterol blood level (fictitious) - the ground water sample with ID 105293 that was extracted from the top level of the intake No32 under terrain (S12, S13) (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) In First Order Logic: - S12(x) ⇒ S11(x) - S12(x) ⇒ S14(x)

S13 Sample
type: Class
notation: S13
preferred label: Sample
subclass of: S11 Amount of Matter
comment: Scope note: This class comprises instances of S11 Amount of Matter taken from some instance of S10 Material Substantial with the intention to be representative for some material qualities of the instance of S10 Material Substantial or part of it was taken for further analysis. We typically regard a sample as ceasing to exist when the respective representative qualities become corrupted, such as the purity of a water sample or the layering of a bore core. Examples: - the ground water sample with ID 105293 that was extracted from the top level of the intake No32 under terrain (S13, S12) (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - the micro-sample 7, taken from the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ (Cranach) by Joyce Plesters in June, 1963 (The National Gallery, London, 1963) In First Order Logic: - S13(x) ⇒ S11(x)

S14 Fluid Body
type: Class
notation: S14
preferred label: Fluid Body
subclass of: S10 Material Substantial
comment: Scope note: This class comprises a mass of matter in fluid form environmentally constraint in some persistent form allowing for identifying it for the management or research of material phenomena, such as a part of the sea, a river, the atmosphere or the milk in a bottle. Fluids are generally defined by the continuity criterion which is characteristic of their substance: their amorphous matter is continuous and tends to flow. Therefore, contiguous amounts of matter within a fluid body may stay contiguous or at least be locally spatially confined for a sufficiently long time in order to be temporarily identified and traced. This is a much weaker concept of stability of form than the one we would apply to what one would call a physical object. In general, an instance of Fluid Body may gain or lose matter over time through so-called sources or sinks in its surface, in contrast to physical things, which may lose or gain matter by exchange of pieces such as spare parts or corrosion. Examples: - the Rhine River In First Order Logic: - S14(x) ⇒ S10(x)

S15 Observable Entity
type: Class
notation: S15
preferred label: Observable Entity
subclass of: E1 CRM Entity
comment: Scope note: This class comprises instances of E5 Event or S10 Material Substantial (i.e. items or phenomena, such as physical things, their behaviour, states and interactions or events), that can be observed by measurement or detection devices or by human sensory impression including when enhanced by tools. In order to be observable, instances of E5 Event must consist of some interaction or action of material substance. In some cases, the spatiotemporal confinement of the event itself, such as a flash, a car stopping etc. marks the limits of a documented observation of an event. In other cases, such as the situation of a car passing by a certain object, the spatiotemporal limits of the event of observing itself, as well as the direction of attention or the orientation of used instruments, may constrain the observed detail of a larger process, e.g., noticing the sight of a car passing by; a light emission, etc. Conceptual objects manifest through their carriers such as books, digital media, or even human memory. Attributes of conceptual objects, such as number of words, can be observed on their carriers. If the respective properties between carriers differ, either they carry different instances of conceptual objects or the difference can be attributed to accidental deficiencies in one of the carriers. In that sense, even immaterial objects are observable. By this model we address the fact that frequently, the actually observed carriers of conceptual objects are not explicitly identified in documentation, i.e., they are assumed to have existed but they are unknown as individuals. Examples: - the domestic goose from Guangdong/1/1996 (H5N1) that was identified in 1996 in farmed geese in southern China as circulating highly pathogenic H5N1 (E20) (Wan, 2012) - the flight of a male Bearded Vulture observed near Loukia, Heraklion, Crete in the morning of the 24th of October 2020 (E5) [The Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus Barbatus) is a threatened species in Crete] (Claes, 2020) - …

S17 Physical Genesis
type: Class
notation: S17
preferred label: Physical Genesis
subclass of: E63 Beginning of Existence
subclass of: S18 Alteration
comment: Scope note: This class comprises events or processes that result in (generate) physical things, man-made or natural, coming into being in the form by which they are later identified. The creation of a new physical item, at the same time, can be a result of an alteration (modification) – it can become a new thing due to an alteration activity. Examples: - the desertification process affecting my copper samples in the artificial aging salt-spray apparatus after 10 cycles which produced layers of cuprite and malachite (E12) - the corrosion process affecting my copper samples in the artificial aging salt-spray apparatus after 10 cycles which produced layers of cuprite and malachite (E12) In First Order Logic: - S17(x) ⇒ S18(x) - S17(x) ⇒ E63(x) - E12(x) ⇒ S17(x)

S18 Alteration
type: Class
notation: S18
preferred label: Alteration
subclass of: E5 Event
comment: Scope note: This class comprises natural events or man-made processes that create, alter or change physical things, by affecting permanently their form or consistency without changing their identity. Examples include alterations on depositional features-layers by natural factors or disturbance by roots or insects, organic alterations, petrification, etc. Examples: - the petrification process of the Lesvos forest related to the intense volcanic activity in Lesvos island during late Oligocene - middle Miocene period (Marinos, 1997) - the flattening of the Lanhydrock Pedigree parchment after humidification (E11) (Pickwoad, 2016) In First Order Logic: - S18(x) ⇒ E5(x) - E11(x) ⇒ S18(x)

S19 Encounter Event
type: Class
notation: S19
preferred label: Encounter Event
subclass of: S27 Observation
comment: Scope note: This class comprises activities of Observation (S27) (substance) where an Actor (E39) encounters an instance of E18 Physical Thing, of a kind relevant for the mission of the observation or regarded as potentially relevant for some community (identity). This observation produces knowledge about the existence of the respective thing at particular place in, or on, surrounding matter. This knowledge may be new to the group of people the actor belongs to. In that case, we would talk about discovery. The observer may recognize or assign an individual identity of the thing encountered, or regard only the type as noteworthy in the associated documentation or report. In Archaeology, there is a particular interest if an object is found “in situ”, i.e., if its embedding in the surrounding matter supports the assumption that the object was not moved since the archaeologically relevant deposition event. The surrounding matter with the relative position of the object in it, as well as the absolute position and time of the observation may be recorded to enable inferences about the history of the object. In Biology, additional parameters may be recorded – like the kind of ecosystem, if the biological individual survives the observation, what detection or catching devices have been used, or if the encounter event supported the detection of a new biological kind (“taxon”). Examples: - the finding, by Nikolaos Stampolidis, of a complete skeleton, in situ, at the site of Eleutherna during the archaeological excavation carried out by the University of Crete in 2007 (Bonn-Muller, 2010) - the detection of Lagocephalos_Sceleratus was carried out with the trawler 419 in the Mediteranean sea, during the first week of August 2014 (S19) (Bekiari et al., 2014) - the encounter of the marble floor of the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum during the digging of a well in 1750 (Sider, 1990) - the encounter of oak planks from a ship during a dig in a mound at the farm Lille Oseberg in No…

S20 Rigid Physical Feature
type: Class
notation: S20
preferred label: Rigid Physical Feature
subclass of: E26 Physical Feature
subclass of: E53 Place
comment: Scope note: Any instance of this class is a physical feature with sufficient stability of form, in itself and with respect to the physical object bearing it, in order to associate a permanent reference space within which its form is invariant and at rest. The maximum volume in space that an instance of S20 Rigid Physical Feature occupies defines uniquely a place for the feature with respect to its surrounding matter. Therefore, we model S20 Rigid Physical Feature as a subclass of E26 Physical Feature and of E53 Place. The latter is intended as a phenomenal place as defined in CRMgeo (Doerr and Hiebel 2013). By virtue of this multiple inheritance, we can discuss positions relative to the extent of an instance of S20 Rigid Physical Feature without representing each instance of it together with an instance of its associated place. However, since the identity and existence of this place depends uniquely on the identity of the instance of S20 Rigid Physical Feature as matter, this multiple inheritance is unambiguous and effective and furthermore corresponds to the intuitions of natural language. It shortcuts an implicit self-referential path from E26 Physical Feature through P156 occupies (is occupied by), E53 Place, P157 is at rest relative to (provides reference space for), to E26 Physical Feature. In cases of instances of S20 Rigid Physical Feature on or in the surface of earth, the default reference is typically fixed to the closer environment of the tectonic plate or sea floor. In cases of features on mobile objects, the reference space is typically fixed to the geometry of the bearing object. Note that the reference space associated with the instance of S20 Rigid Physical Feature may quite well be deformed over time, as long the continuity of its topology does not become unclear, such as the compression of dinosaur bones in geological layers, or the distortions of the hull of a ship by the waves of the sea. Defined in this way, the reference space can be used as a …

S21 Measurement
type: Class
notation: S21
preferred label: Measurement
subclass of: S27 Observation
comment: Scope note: This class comprises actions measuring instances of S15 Observable Entity, properties of physical things, or phenomena, states and interactions or events, that can be determined by a systematic procedure. Primary data from measurement devices are regarded to be results of an observation process. Examples: - the magnitude measurement of the earthquake of Mexico City in 2017. [It had the magnitude 6.2 Richter] (Mindock, 2017) - the sensor measurement by IGME in 1999 which measured the landslide displacement in the area of Parnitha, Greece (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - The measurement of the angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. [The measurement of the angle between the Sun and Half-Moon at daylight was used by Aristarchus of Samos circa 280 B.C to calculate (S6) the ratio of the distances of the Sun and the Moon from the Earth, using the fact that the Half-Moon itself is the vertex of an angle of exactly 90 degrees between the observer and the Sun. Since he measured an angle of 87 degrees instead of 89° 50', he underestimated the distance to the Sun.] (Berggren and Sidoli, 2007) (Bonpland and Humboldt, 1815) - The measurement of the angle between the summit of the Pico del Teide, Tenerife and a horizontal level by Alexander von Humboldt in the harbour of Orotava in Tenerife on the 19th of June 1799. [Alexander von Humboldt measured the elevation angle under which the Pico del Teide appears on the 19th of June 1799 from the harbour of Orotava in Tenerife, to be 16 ½ degrees, and previously from Santa Cruz to be 4º 36’. We can assume he used an instrument with a built-in level for the horizontal. He estimated the distance of the summit from Orotava to be 8600 toise (= 16,8km) and from Santa Cruz to be 22500 toise. He measured the angle for estimating the height of the mountain, an important landmark, now referred to as 3,71…

S22 Segment of Matter
type: Class
notation: S22
preferred label: Segment of Matter
subclass of: S20 Rigid Physical Feature
comment: Scope note: This class comprises physical features with relative stability of form and structure within a declared spatial volume of interest. The spatial extent of an instance of S22 Segment of Matter may be declared or defined by a researcher or observer usually because the arrangement and composition of substance is characteristic for the surrounding matter or can be interpreted as traces of its genesis and subsequent internal and external processes it was exposed to. The defining spatial extent is typically declared on a continuous matter by means of geometric determination without observable boundaries on all sides or any side. It may however be extracted at some point in time along the declared boundaries. An instance of S22 Segment of Matter is regarded to be existing from the time on it completely solidified with a structure that is still preserved in a recognizable way at the time of its spatial definition. Its existence is regarded to end when its respective integrity is partially or completely corrupted. Uncorrupted subsections of an instance of S22 Segment of Matter may continue to exist as segments of matter in their own right beyond the existence of the containing instance, and may have solidified before it. Typical examples are segments of archaeological or geological layers. They are regarded as uncorrupted even if they have undergone conformal deformations, such as compressions or shifts, as long as the effects of these deformations do not destroy the relevant structures of interest. This means that the defining spatial volume may be only geometrically valid for an instant of time for which it was declared, and undergo before and after deformations. In some cases, it may be possible to calculate the initial volume at the time of solidification, for instance for petrified bones compressed in Jurassic layers. Examples: - the clay floor A11 [Heterogeneous, yellow to grey silty clay; clear, wavy lower boundary] (illu p. 1601, Croix et al, 2019) In First…

S23 Position Determination
type: Class
notation: S23
preferred label: Position Determination
subclass of: S27 Observation
comment: Scope note: This class comprises activities of determining the actual position of some instance of S15 Observable Entity in space and time by measuring the necessary parameters sufficient for calculating this position. In the case of a material item, the determined position is intended to approximate a part or all of the extent of the presence (instance of E93 Presence) of an instance of the S15 Observable Entity of interest, such as the outer walls of an excavated settlement, the position of a ship sailing or the start and/or end of an athlete's run in a competition. Characteristically, a theodolite or GPS device may be positioned on some persistent feature. Determining the position of the device will yield an approximation of the position of the feature of interest at that time. Alternatively, some material item may be observed moving through a previously determined position at a given time. In case of determining the position of an Event, the approximated position pertains to areas in the spatiotemporal extent of the Event. This class is not a subclass of S21 Measurement because a position determination normally has to measure more than one dimension. Typically, a position determination consists of a combination of measurements of multiple associated distances and/or angles (instances of E54 Dimension) from a particular spot to certain reference points with previously known position in the same reference space. In some cases, a constituting spatial distance is given by a directed speed and the temporal distance measured from starting from a known position to the actual position, for instance what is registered in a standard log book entry. A particular role is played by the Earth's magnetic field and rotational axis as reference for an angle or direction. Often, the constituting dimensions observed within the context of an instance of S23 Position Determination are not explicitly documented, or hidden in an electronic device’s software. Nevertheless, they constit…

S24 Sample Splitting
type: Class
notation: S24
preferred label: Sample Splitting
subclass of: S2 Sample Taking
comment: Scope note: This class comprises the activity of dividing an instance of S13 Sample into new instances of S13 Sample. This activity describes cases of sub-sampling where the resulting instance maintains the characteristic qualities of the original instance. Any observations of these qualities made on the new instance also apply to the original one. This class should be used to model cases of splitting a homogenous sample into multiple ones. Examples: - the activity of removing a part from the sample, which was originally taken from the tusk fragment GT993 by Godfrey et al. in 2000, in order to analyse it through ICP-AES analysis to reveal the composition of the original sample [A sample from a section of the tusk fragment GT993 which was originally found in the ship-wreck of Vergulde Draeck in Western Australia was taken. This sample was homogenous (ground to fine powder). Part of the sample was then removed for elemental analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Another part was removed for carbon/nitrogen analysis using a LECO analyser.] (Godfrey et al., 2002) In First Order Logic: - S24(x) ⇒ S2(x)

S25 Relative Dimension
type: Class
notation: S25
preferred label: Relative Dimension
subclass of: E54 Dimension
comment: Scope note: This class comprises quantifiable properties that can be measured by some calibrated means and were holding between two or more distinct instances of S15 Observable Entity for some time. Typical examples include relative distances between physical things or temporal distances between events such as athletes arriving at a goal or the time elapsed from production in thermoluninescence dating. Generally, all kinds of quantifiable properties holding for a single item in isolation can be compared relative to the same of another item. Depending on the methods, such relative dimensions often constitute important primary observational data for calculating absolute values rather than being computational results from absolute values, an example being relative barometric measurements of altitude during expeditions. Examples: - the distance of the Moon from Earth (P2 has type: ‘spatial distances’) [The distance to the Moon can be measured with millimetre precision.] (‘Lunar Laser Ranging experiments’, 2024) - the distance of the epicentre of the 2017 Puebla earthquake, also known as 19S at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC) on 19 September 2017 from the city of Puebla, Mexico (P2 has type: ‘spatial distances’) [The 2017 Puebla earthquake, also known as 19S, struck at 13:14 CDT (18:14 UTC) on 19 September 2017 with an estimated magnitude of 7.1 Mw and strong shaking for about 20 seconds. Its epicentre was about 55 km (34 mi) south of the city of Puebla, Mexico. The earthquake caused damage in the Mexican states of Puebla and Morelos and in the Greater Mexico City area, including the collapse of more than 40 buildings.[5][6][7] 370 people were killed by the earthquake and related building collapses, including 228 in Mexico City,[8][9] and more than 6,000 were injured.[10] (‘2017 Puebla earthquake’, 2025) - the determination of the position of Messner and Habeler in May 8, 1978 (Messner 1978, Roberts 2003) In First Order Logic: - S25(x) ⇒ E54(x)

S26 Angle
type: Class
notation: S26
preferred label: Angle
subclass of: S25 Relative Dimension
comment: Scope note: This class comprises quantifiable angles that can be measured by some calibrated means and held between a spot on some instance of S15 Observable Entity forming the geometric vertex and two directions to the position of some other instances of S15 Observable Entity. Typical examples include results of measurements with theodolites, sextants or compasses. Examples: - The angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as measured by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. [87 degrees instead of the current value of 89° 50'] (Berggren and Sidoli, 2007) - The angle between the summit of the Pico del Teide, Tenerife and a horizontal level as measured by Alexander von Humboldt in the harbour of Orotava in Tenerife on the 19th of June 1799. [16 ½ degrees] (Humboldt, 1859) In First Order Logic: - S26(x) ⇒ S25(x)

S27 Observation
type: Class
notation: S27
preferred label: Observation
subclass of: I1 Argumentation
comment: Scope note: This class comprises activity of gaining scientific knowledge about particular states of physical reality through empirical evidence, experiments and measurements. We define observation in the sense of natural sciences, as a kind of human activity: at some place and within some time-span, certain physical things and their behaviour and interactions are observed by human sensory impression, and often enhanced by tools and measurement devices. Observed situations or dimensions may pertain to properties confined to a single instance of S15 Observable Entity or pertain to constellations of multiple instances and relations between them, in particular distances between them. The output of the internal processes of measurement devices that do not require additional human interaction are in general regarded as part of the observation and not as additional inference. Primary data from measurement devices are regarded in this model to be results of observation and can be interpreted as propositions believed to be true within the (known) tolerances and degree of reliability of the device. Measurements and witnessing of events are special cases of observations. Observations result in a belief that certain propositions held at a time within the time-span of the observation. In this model, the degree of confidence in the observed properties is regarded to be “true” by default, but could be described differently by adding a property P3 has note to an instance of S4 Observation. Examples: - the excavation of unit XI by the Archaeological Institute of Crete in 2004 - the excavation in the NE section of the central court of the Knossos palace by the Ephorate of Antiquities of Heraklion in 1997 (Επιστημονική Επιτροπή Κνωσού, 2008) - the observation of the density of the X-Ray image of cupid's head from the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ as ‘high density’, on the 19th of March 1963 (S4) (The National Gallery, London, 1963) - the observation of visible light absorptio…

S28 Observable Situation
type: Class
notation: S28
preferred label: Observable Situation
subclass of: I11 Situation
comment: Scope note: An instance of S28 Observable Situation can be perceived as a set of formal propositions deriving from an observation event on a constellation, an interaction or a dynamic behaviour of instances of S15 Observable Entity, or sections of these instances within a particular time-span and spatial extent that lie in the past. The observation event in question either relies on human senses, or it has been enhanced or mediated by technical instruments. The observer may be directly involved themselves, or they may be receiving signals from each observation. The focus of the observer determines the model they overlay on the observed reality, in order to describe it in terms of distinct properties and value ranges of parameters. The latter selection and projection from reality constitutes the content of a particular instance of S28 Observable Situation. Multiple observers may select different models, details and value systems to the same spatiotemporal area (i.e., views they pay attention to). Consequently, the observed situations may differ, but should, in principle, be comparable to a common reality in their overlaps. Examples: - the proposition set with content: - {The burial arrangement in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso on the left bench (E22 Human-Made Object) is composed of the spear found in La Tomba dell’ Aryballos sospeso (E22 Human-Made Object) The skeleton in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso on the left bench (E20 Biological Object) forms part of the burial arrangement on La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso on the left bench (E22 Human-Made Object).} (Mandolesi, 2013) - the proposition set with content: - {The content of the La Tomba dell'Aryballos sospeso at the time of its opening (E24 Physical Human-Made Thing) is composed of the burial arrangement in La Tomba dell'Aryballos sospeso on the left bench (E22 Human-Made Object). - The burial arrangement in La Tomba dell'Aryballos sospeso on the left bench (E22 Human-Made Object) is composed of the spear foun…

S29 Observable Proposition
type: Class
notation: S29
preferred label: Observable Proposition
subclass of: I17 One-Proposition Set
subclass of: S28 Observable Situation
comment: Scope note: This class comprises proposition sets containing exactly one binary proposition which is, or could, in principle, be, encoded in a knowledge representation language, and which characterizes an observable phenomenon, regardless of whether it has happened or not. For example, it could refer to the intended meaning of a text about an observable phenomenon, where the belief value concerning its reality has not been asserted, or to the question of whether a certain situation has ever happened. The identity of an instance of S29 Observable Proposition is given by the totality of its content, whatever its encoding. The class S29 Observable Proposition plays the role of an important logical interface between observing single propositions and more generally observable situations. It is particularly relevant for implementing effective queries. For documentation, the use of the simpler shortcut properties of S4 Single Observation, i.e. O35 observed entity (was observed by), O9 observed property type (property type was observed by) and O16 observed value (value was observed by) will, typically, be the preferred approach. Examples: - the proposition set with content: - {The burial arrangement (E22 Human-Made Object) in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso on the left bench is composed of the spear (E22 Human-Made Object) found in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso.} (Mandolesi, 2013) - the proposition set with content: - {The skeleton (E20 Biological Object) in La Tomba dell'Aryballos sospeso on the right bench forms part of the burial arrangement (E22 Human-Made Object) in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso on the left bench.} (Mandolesi, 2013) - the proposition set with content: - {The skeleton (E20 Biological Object) in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso on the left bench P2 has type ‘female’ (E55 Type).} (Mandolesi, 2013) - [The abovementioned examples form part of a scientific knowledge revision, where the original belief was formed based on a simple inference, and following …

O1 diminished
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O1
preferred label: diminished
domain: S1 Matter Removal
range: S10 Material Substantial
inverse of: O1i was diminished by
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S1 Matter Removal with the instance of S10 Material Substantial that this activity diminished. Although an instance of S1 Matter Removal activity normally concerns only one item of S10 Material Substantial, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be diminished by a single Matter Removal activity. An instance S1 Matter Removal activity requires to diminish at least one item of S10 Material Substantial. This may be documented by any of the subproperties of O1 diminished (was diminished by). Therefore, the instantiation of a particular subproperty of O1 diminished (was diminished by) is not necessary. Examples: - The removal of the fill from the interior of the ‘tomb of Lagadas’ at Derveni Thessaloniki by the excavators in 1995 (S1) diminished the width of the cross-section of the burial chamber and the fill of the façade (S10). (Papasotiriou et al., 2010) In First Order Logic: - O1(x,y) ⇒ S1(x) - O1(x,y) ⇒ S10(y)

O1i was diminished by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O1i
preferred label: was diminished by
domain: S10 Material Substantial
range: S1 Matter Removal
inverse of: O1 diminished
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S1 Matter Removal with the instance of S10 Material Substantial that this activity diminished. Although an instance of S1 Matter Removal activity normally concerns only one item of S10 Material Substantial, it is possible to imagine circumstances under which more than one item might be diminished by a single Matter Removal activity. An instance S1 Matter Removal activity requires to diminish at least one item of S10 Material Substantial. This may be documented by any of the subproperties of O1 diminished (was diminished by). Therefore, the instantiation of a particular subproperty of O1 diminished (was diminished by) is not necessary. Examples of the inverse property: - The removal of the fill from the interior of the ‘tomb of Lagadas’ at Derveni Thessaloniki by the excavators in 1995 (S1) diminished the width of the cross-section of the burial chamber and the fill of the façade (S10). (Papasotiriou et al., 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O1(x,y) ⇒ S1(x) - O1(x,y) ⇒ S10(y)

O2 removed
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O2
preferred label: removed
domain: S1 Matter Removal
range: S11 Amount of Matter
inverse of: O2i was removed by
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S1 Matter Removal with the instance of S11 Amount of Matter that it has removed. Examples: - The ‘La Gioconda of the Prado’ layer removal by the conservators of Prado Museum in Madrid (S1) removed the layer of black overpainting (S11) that covered the background of it (Museo del Prado, 2012) In First Order Logic: - O2(x,y) ⇒ S1(x) - O2(x,y) ⇒ S10(y)

O2i was removed by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O2i
preferred label: was removed by
domain: S11 Amount of Matter
range: S1 Matter Removal
inverse of: O2 removed
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S1 Matter Removal with the instance of S11 Amount of Matter that it has removed. Examples of the inverse property: - The ‘La Gioconda of the Prado’ layer removal by the conservators of Prado Museum in Madrid (S1) removed the layer of black overpainting (S11) that covered the background of it (Museo del Prado, 2012) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O2(x,y) ⇒ S1(x) - O2(x,y) ⇒ S10(y)

O3 sampled from
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O3
preferred label: sampled from
domain: S2 Sample Taking
range: S10 Material Substantial
inverse of: O3i was sample by
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S2 Sample Taking with the instance S10 Material Substantial from which a sample was taken. In particular, it may be a feature or a fluid body from which a sample was removed. Examples: - Water Sample Taking 74001 (S2) sampled from the aquifer (S10) that overlaps with borehole 10/G5. (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - Collecting micro-sample 7 (S2) sampled from the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ (Cranach) (S10) by Joyce Plesters, in June 1963. (The National Gallery, London, 1963) In First Order Logic: - O3(x,y) ⇒ S2(x) - O3(x,y) ⇒ S10(y)

O3i was sample by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O3i
preferred label: was sample by
domain: S10 Material Substantial
range: S2 Sample Taking
inverse of: O3 sampled from
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S2 Sample Taking with the instance S10 Material Substantial from which a sample was taken. In particular, it may be a feature or a fluid body from which a sample was removed. Examples of the inverse property: - Water Sample Taking 74001 (S2) sampled from the aquifer (S10) that overlaps with borehole 10/G5. (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - Collecting micro-sample 7 (S2) sampled from the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ (Cranach) (S10) by Joyce Plesters, in June 1963. (The National Gallery, London, 1963) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O3(x,y) ⇒ S2(x) - O3(x,y) ⇒ S10(y)

O4 sampled at
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O4
preferred label: sampled at
domain: S2 Sample Taking
range: E53 Place
inverse of: O4i was sampling location of
comment: Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S2 Sample Taking with the instance of E53 Place ("spot") at which this activity sampled. It identifies the narrowest relevant area on the material substantial from which the sample was taken. This may be known or given in absolute terms or relative to an instance of the material substantial from which it was taken. If samples are taken from more than one spot, the sample taking activity must be documented by separate instances for each spot. The property P7 took place at (witnessed), inherited from E4 Period, describes the position of the area in which the sampling activity occurred; this latter comprises the space within which operators and instruments were contained during the activity, and the sample taking spot. Examples: - Water Sample Taking 74001 (S2) sampled at borehole 10/G5 at depth 0, which falls within the water district 10/G5 in Central Macedonia (E53). (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - Collecting micro-sample 7 (S2) sampled at the area of the apple (E53), shown on the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ (Cranach) (The National Gallery, London, 1963) In First Order Logic: - O4(x,y) ⇒ S2(x) - O4(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - O4(x,y) ∧ P7(x,z) ⇒ P89(y,z)

O4i was sampling location of
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O4i
preferred label: was sampling location of
domain: E53 Place
range: S2 Sample Taking
inverse of: O4 sampled at
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S2 Sample Taking with the instance of E53 Place ("spot") at which this activity sampled. It identifies the narrowest relevant area on the material substantial from which the sample was taken. This may be known or given in absolute terms or relative to an instance of the material substantial from which it was taken. If samples are taken from more than one spot, the sample taking activity must be documented by separate instances for each spot. The property P7 took place at (witnessed), inherited from E4 Period, describes the position of the area in which the sampling activity occurred; this latter comprises the space within which operators and instruments were contained during the activity, and the sample taking spot. Examples of the inverse property: - Water Sample Taking 74001 (S2) sampled at borehole 10/G5 at depth 0, which falls within the water district 10/G5 in Central Macedonia (E53). (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - Collecting micro-sample 7 (S2) sampled at the area of the apple (E53), shown on the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ (Cranach) (The National Gallery, London, 1963) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O4(x,y) ⇒ S2(x) - O4(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - O4(x,y) ∧ P7(x,z) ⇒ P89(y,z)

O5 removed
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O5
preferred label: removed
domain: S2 Sample Taking
range: S13 Sample
inverse of: O5i was removed by
sub property of: O2 removed
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S2 Sample Taking with the instance of S13 Sample that was taken during the activity. Examples: - Lithology Sample Taking 201 (S2) removed sample 2B (S113). (Lucchese et al, 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - The sampling (S2) undertaken by Joyce Plesters in June 1963, while she was working on the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ (Cranach), removed micro-sample 7 (S13). (The National Gallery, London, 1963) In First Order Logic: - O5(x,y) ⇒ S2(x) - O5(x,y) ⇒ S13(y) - O5(x,y) ⇒ O2(x,y)

O5i was removed by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O5i
preferred label: was removed by
domain: S13 Sample
range: S2 Sample Taking
inverse of: O5 removed
sub property of: O2i was removed by
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S2 Sample Taking with the instance of S13 Sample that was taken during the activity. Examples of the inverse property: - Lithology Sample Taking 201 (S2) removed sample 2B (S113). (Lucchese et al, 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - The sampling (S2) undertaken by Joyce Plesters in June 1963, while she was working on the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ (Cranach), removed micro-sample 7 (S13). (The National Gallery, London, 1963) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O5(x,y) ⇒ S2(x) - O5(x,y) ⇒ S13(y) - O5(x,y) ⇒ O2(x,y)

O6 is former or current part of
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O6
preferred label: is former or current part of
domain: S12 Amount of Fluid
range: S14 Fluid Body
inverse of: O6i has former or current part
sub property of: O25 contains
comment: Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S12 Amount of Fluid with an instance of S14 Fluid Body which formed or forms part of it. It allows instances of S14 Fluid Body to be analysed into elements of S12 Amount of Fluid. Examples: - J.K.’s blood sample 0019FCF5 (S12) is former or current part of J.K.’s blood (S14). (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - O6(x,y) ⇒ S12(x) - O6(x,y) ⇒ S14(y) - O6(x,y) ⇒ O25(x,y)

O6i has former or current part
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O6i
preferred label: has former or current part
domain: S14 Fluid Body
range: S12 Amount of Fluid
inverse of: O6 is former or current part of
sub property of: O25i is contained in
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S12 Amount of Fluid with an instance of S14 Fluid Body which formed or forms part of it. It allows instances of S14 Fluid Body to be analysed into elements of S12 Amount of Fluid. Examples of the inverse property: - J.K.’s blood sample 0019FCF5 (S12) is former or current part of J.K.’s blood (S14). (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O6(x,y) ⇒ S12(x) - O6(x,y) ⇒ S14(y) - O6(x,y) ⇒ O25(x,y)

O7 confines
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O7
preferred label: confines
domain: S20 Rigid Physical Feature
range: S10 Material Substantial
inverse of: O7i is confined by
comment: Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S20 Rigid Physical Feature with an instance of S10 Material Substantial that it partially or completely confines. It describes cases in which rigid features such as stratigraphic layers, walls, dams, riverbeds, etc. form the boundaries of some item such as another stratigraphic layer or the waters of a river. Examples: - The Stavros – Farsala artesian aquifer (S20) confines the overexploited groundwater of the area (S10). (Rozos et al., 2017) - The posthole (S20) confines the organic material (S10) identified in the 1997 analysis of the post holes of the structure 2 in the Tutu archaeological village site. (Righter, 2002) - Borehole No1234 confines intake No5 (S10). (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) In First Order Logic: - O7(x,y) ⇒ S20(x) - O7(x,y) ⇒ S10(y)

O7i is confined by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O7i
preferred label: is confined by
domain: S10 Material Substantial
range: S20 Rigid Physical Feature
inverse of: O7 confines
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S20 Rigid Physical Feature with an instance of S10 Material Substantial that it partially or completely confines. It describes cases in which rigid features such as stratigraphic layers, walls, dams, riverbeds, etc. form the boundaries of some item such as another stratigraphic layer or the waters of a river. Examples of the inverse property: - The Stavros – Farsala artesian aquifer (S20) confines the overexploited groundwater of the area (S10). (Rozos et al., 2017) - The posthole (S20) confines the organic material (S10) identified in the 1997 analysis of the post holes of the structure 2 in the Tutu archaeological village site. (Righter, 2002) - Borehole No1234 confines intake No5 (S10). (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O7(x,y) ⇒ S20(x) - O7(x,y) ⇒ S10(y)

O8 observed
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O8
preferred label: observed
domain: S4 Single Observation
range: S15 Observable Entity
inverse of: O8i was observed by
sub property of: P140 assigned attribute to
sub property of: O35 observed entity
comment: Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Shortcut Of: S4 Single Observation. O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by): S29 Observable Proposition. O38 has domain (is domain of): S15 Observable Entity Scope note: This property associates an instance of S4 Single Observation with one instance of S15 Observable Entity that was observed. Specifically, it describes that a thing, a feature, a phenomenon or some process is observed by an activity of Observation. This property is a strong shortcut of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, O38 has domain (is domain of), to S15 Observable Entity. Examples: - The engineers’ observation (S4) on the slope of Panagopoula coastal site, near Patras, on the 3rd May 1971 observed the rotational landslide at the same site (E4). (Tavoularis et al., 2017) - The survey (S4) of Sinai MS GREEK 418 observed a detached triple-braided clasp strap (S15). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - O8(x,y) ⇒ S4(x) - O8(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O8(x,y) ⇒ O35(x,y) - O8(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y) - P39(x,y) ⇒ O8(x,y) - O8(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [S29(z) ∧ O37(x,z) ∧ O38(z,y)]

O8i was observed by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O8i
preferred label: was observed by
domain: S15 Observable Entity
range: S4 Single Observation
inverse of: O8 observed
sub property of: P140i was attributed by
sub property of: O35i was observed by
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Shortcut Of of the inverse property: S4 Single Observation. O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by): S29 Observable Proposition. O38 has domain (is domain of): S15 Observable Entity Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S4 Single Observation with one instance of S15 Observable Entity that was observed. Specifically, it describes that a thing, a feature, a phenomenon or some process is observed by an activity of Observation. This property is a strong shortcut of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, O38 has domain (is domain of), to S15 Observable Entity. Examples of the inverse property: - The engineers’ observation (S4) on the slope of Panagopoula coastal site, near Patras, on the 3rd May 1971 observed the rotational landslide at the same site (E4). (Tavoularis et al., 2017) - The survey (S4) of Sinai MS GREEK 418 observed a detached triple-braided clasp strap (S15). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O8(x,y) ⇒ S4(x) - O8(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O8(x,y) ⇒ O35(x,y) - O8(x,y) ⇒ P140(x,y) - P39(x,y) ⇒ O8(x,y) - O8(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [S29(z) ∧ O37(x,z) ∧ O38(z,y)]

O9 observed property type
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O9
preferred label: observed property type
domain: S4 Single Observation
range: S9 Property Type
inverse of: O9i property type was observed by
sub property of: P177 assigned property of type
comment: Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Shortcut Of: S4 Single Observation. O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by): S29 Observable Proposition. J32 has property type (is property type of): S9 Property Type Scope note: This property associates an instance of S1 Matter Removal with the instance of S10 Material Substantial that this activity diminished. Although an instance of S4 Single Observation with the instance of S9 Property Type for which the observation provides a value or evidence, such as ‘concentration of nitrate’ observed in the water from a particular borehole. Encoding the observed property by type, observed entity and value (namely, properties O9, O37, and O16, respectively), is a method to circumscribe the reification of the observed property by the respective instance of S4 Single Observation. In an RDFS encoding, this circumscription can be transformed into an explicit representation of the observed property in terms of a formal ontology, either by the use of a reification construct or a Named Graph containing the observed property. The latter representation allows for more formal reasoning with the model, the former is more flexible about the kinds of observations. This property is a strong shortcut of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, J32 has property type (is property type of), to S9 Property Type. Examples: - The seismic hazard analysis and recording by EPPO in 1990 (S4), in the area of Attica observed property type share wave velocity (S9) and recorded it. (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - The Gas Chromatography analysis (S4) of the sample ‘mid-blue paint from the sky’ observed property type retention time (S9). (Foister, 2015) In First Order Logic: - O9(x,y) ⇒ S4(x) - O9(x,y…

O9i property type was observed by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O9i
preferred label: property type was observed by
domain: S9 Property Type
range: S4 Single Observation
inverse of: O9 observed property type
sub property of: P177i is type of property assigned
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Shortcut Of of the inverse property: S4 Single Observation. O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by): S29 Observable Proposition. J32 has property type (is property type of): S9 Property Type Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S1 Matter Removal with the instance of S10 Material Substantial that this activity diminished. Although an instance of S4 Single Observation with the instance of S9 Property Type for which the observation provides a value or evidence, such as ‘concentration of nitrate’ observed in the water from a particular borehole. Encoding the observed property by type, observed entity and value (namely, properties O9, O37, and O16, respectively), is a method to circumscribe the reification of the observed property by the respective instance of S4 Single Observation. In an RDFS encoding, this circumscription can be transformed into an explicit representation of the observed property in terms of a formal ontology, either by the use of a reification construct or a Named Graph containing the observed property. The latter representation allows for more formal reasoning with the model, the former is more flexible about the kinds of observations. This property is a strong shortcut of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, J32 has property type (is property type of), to S9 Property Type. Examples of the inverse property: - The seismic hazard analysis and recording by EPPO in 1990 (S4), in the area of Attica observed property type share wave velocity (S9) and recorded it. (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - The Gas Chromatography analysis (S4) of the sample ‘mid-blue paint from the sky’ observed pro…

O10 assigned dimension
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O10
preferred label: assigned dimension
domain: S6 Data Evaluation
range: E54 Dimension
inverse of: O10i dimension was assigned by
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S6 Data Evaluation with an instance of E54 Dimension that a data evaluation activity has assigned. In that case, dimensions may be determined by making evaluations on observational data based on mathematical inference rules and calculations. Examples: - The shock wave recording (S6) carried out by EPPO in 1999 assigned dimension PSA_10 (E54). [The dimension had value 0.0008.] (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) In First Order Logic: - O10(x,y) ⇒ S6(x) - O10(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)

O10i dimension was assigned by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O10i
preferred label: dimension was assigned by
domain: E54 Dimension
range: S6 Data Evaluation
inverse of: O10 assigned dimension
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S6 Data Evaluation with an instance of E54 Dimension that a data evaluation activity has assigned. In that case, dimensions may be determined by making evaluations on observational data based on mathematical inference rules and calculations. Examples of the inverse property: - The shock wave recording (S6) carried out by EPPO in 1999 assigned dimension PSA_10 (E54). [The dimension had value 0.0008.] (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O10(x,y) ⇒ S6(x) - O10(x,y) ⇒ E54(y)

O11 described
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O11
preferred label: described
domain: S6 Data Evaluation
range: S15 Observable Entity
inverse of: O11i was described by
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S6 Data Evaluation with an instance of S15 Observable Entity for which a data evaluation activity provides a description. This description of any Observable Entity is based on data evaluations. Examples: - The quantitative analysis of Munsell colour data (S6), carried out by C.T. Brown in 1999 in Yucatán, Mexico, described the slipped sherds of Mayapán period ceramics (S15). (Ruck and Brown, 2015) - The linear extrapolation of overall figure height from the size of the fingers (S6) described the statue of Hercules (S15). [The statue is located in Amman.] (‘Temple of Hercules (Amman)’, 2025) In First Order Logic: - O11(x,y) ⇒ S6(x) - O11(x,y) ⇒ S15(y)

O11i was described by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O11i
preferred label: was described by
domain: S15 Observable Entity
range: S6 Data Evaluation
inverse of: O11 described
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S6 Data Evaluation with an instance of S15 Observable Entity for which a data evaluation activity provides a description. This description of any Observable Entity is based on data evaluations. Examples of the inverse property: - The quantitative analysis of Munsell colour data (S6), carried out by C.T. Brown in 1999 in Yucatán, Mexico, described the slipped sherds of Mayapán period ceramics (S15). (Ruck and Brown, 2015) - The linear extrapolation of overall figure height from the size of the fingers (S6) described the statue of Hercules (S15). [The statue is located in Amman.] (‘Temple of Hercules (Amman)’, 2025) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O11(x,y) ⇒ S6(x) - O11(x,y) ⇒ S15(y)

O12 has dimension
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O12
preferred label: has dimension
domain: S15 Observable Entity
range: E54 Dimension
inverse of: O12i is dimension of
comment: Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Shortcut Of: S15 Observable Entity. O24i was measured by (measured): S21 Measurement: O39 observed dimension (was observed in): E54 Dimension Scope note: This property associates an instance of S15 Observable Entity with an instance of E54 Dimension that the observable entity has. It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established. Most instances of E54 Dimension pertain to one item only. An instance of E54 Dimension referred to by more than one item via this property or a specialization of it is more specifically an instance of S25 Relative Dimension, such as a distance between two physical objects. In the case of S25 Relative Dimension the property is equivalent to O33i has relative dimension (is relative to). In case the instance of S15 Observable Entity is more specifically an instance of S10 Material Substantial and the instance of E54 Dimension is not an instance of S25 Relative Dimension, using the property O12 has dimension (is dimension of) is equivalent to using the property P43 has dimension (is dimension of). In other words, using the one implies the other. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from S15 Observable Entity through O24i was measured by (measured), S21 Measurement, O39 observed dimension (was observed in), to E54 Dimension. Referring to an instance of E54 Dimension by this property is mutually exclusive to using either property P191 had duration (was duration of) or P179 had sales price (was sales price) to refer to the same instance of E54 Dimension. This broadens the same rule forP43 has dimension (is dimension of). Examples: - The earthquake of Mexico City in 2017 (E7) has dimension Mexico City 2017 earthquake magnitude (E54) [which has type seismic magnitude (E55), has unit Richter (E58) and has value 6.2 (E60)]. (Mindock, 2017) - The landslide that was activated in Parnitha in 1999 after the earthquake (E26) has dimension Parnitha 1999 landslide crest len…

O12i is dimension of
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O12i
preferred label: is dimension of
domain: E54 Dimension
range: S15 Observable Entity
inverse of: O12 has dimension
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Shortcut Of of the inverse property: S15 Observable Entity. O24i was measured by (measured): S21 Measurement: O39 observed dimension (was observed in): E54 Dimension Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S15 Observable Entity with an instance of E54 Dimension that the observable entity has. It offers no information about how and when an E54 Dimension was established. Most instances of E54 Dimension pertain to one item only. An instance of E54 Dimension referred to by more than one item via this property or a specialization of it is more specifically an instance of S25 Relative Dimension, such as a distance between two physical objects. In the case of S25 Relative Dimension the property is equivalent to O33i has relative dimension (is relative to). In case the instance of S15 Observable Entity is more specifically an instance of S10 Material Substantial and the instance of E54 Dimension is not an instance of S25 Relative Dimension, using the property O12 has dimension (is dimension of) is equivalent to using the property P43 has dimension (is dimension of). In other words, using the one implies the other. This property is a shortcut of the fully developed path from S15 Observable Entity through O24i was measured by (measured), S21 Measurement, O39 observed dimension (was observed in), to E54 Dimension. Referring to an instance of E54 Dimension by this property is mutually exclusive to using either property P191 had duration (was duration of) or P179 had sales price (was sales price) to refer to the same instance of E54 Dimension. This broadens the same rule forP43 has dimension (is dimension of). Examples of the inverse property: - The earthquake of Mexico City in 2017 (E7) has dimension Mexico City 2017 earthquake magnitude (E54) [which has type seismic magnitude (E55), has unit Richter (E58) and has value 6.2 (E60)]. (Mindock, 2017) - The landslide that was activate…

O13 triggered
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O13
preferred label: triggered
domain: E5 Event
range: E5 Event
inverse of: O13i was triggered by
comment: Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E5 Event that triggered another instance of E5 Event with the latter. It identifies the interaction between events: an event can activate (trigger) other events in a target system that is in a situation of sustained tension, such as a trap or an unstable mountain slope giving way to a land slide after a rain or earthquake The distinction of a triggering event A from the triggered event B lies in their difference of nature. The starting of B is the result of an interaction of material constituents of A with material constituents of B. However, B does not necessarily continue the kinds of processes of A. Therefore, the triggering event A must spatiotemporally overlap with the initial time and area of the triggered event B. Any subsequent phenomena must initiate from this area and time and not from multiple independent areas. Examples: - The earthquake of Parnitha in 1999 (E5) triggered the rotational landslide that was observed along the road on the same day (E5). (fictitious) - The explosion at the Montserrat massif in 2007 (E5) (near Barcelona, Spain) triggered the rock fall event (E5) which happened on 2007-02-14. (Vilajosana et al., 2008) - The 1966 flood in Florence (E5) triggered mould growth on books (E5) stored in flooded library rooms. (Rubinstein, 1966) In First Order Logic: - O13(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - O13(x,y) ⇒ E5(y)

O13i was triggered by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O13i
preferred label: was triggered by
domain: E5 Event
range: E5 Event
inverse of: O13 triggered
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E5 Event that triggered another instance of E5 Event with the latter. It identifies the interaction between events: an event can activate (trigger) other events in a target system that is in a situation of sustained tension, such as a trap or an unstable mountain slope giving way to a land slide after a rain or earthquake The distinction of a triggering event A from the triggered event B lies in their difference of nature. The starting of B is the result of an interaction of material constituents of A with material constituents of B. However, B does not necessarily continue the kinds of processes of A. Therefore, the triggering event A must spatiotemporally overlap with the initial time and area of the triggered event B. Any subsequent phenomena must initiate from this area and time and not from multiple independent areas. Examples of the inverse property: - The earthquake of Parnitha in 1999 (E5) triggered the rotational landslide that was observed along the road on the same day (E5). (fictitious) - The explosion at the Montserrat massif in 2007 (E5) (near Barcelona, Spain) triggered the rock fall event (E5) which happened on 2007-02-14. (Vilajosana et al., 2008) - The 1966 flood in Florence (E5) triggered mould growth on books (E5) stored in flooded library rooms. (Rubinstein, 1966) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O13(x,y) ⇒ E5(x) - O13(x,y) ⇒ E5(y)

O15 occupied
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O15
preferred label: occupied
domain: S10 Material Substantial
range: E53 Place
inverse of: O15i was occupied by
comment: Quantification: many to one, necessary (0,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S10 Material Substantial with the instance of E53 Place that this substance occupied. It describes the space filled (occupied) by a physical matter. This property is the development of the shortcut expressed in the proposition of classification: “S20 Physical Feature” isA “E53 Place”. This property is equivalent to P156 occupies (is occupied by) with domain E18 Physical Thing and range E53 Place. Examples: - The layer of pink plaster that occupied the block 30 floor of the area X. on 2009-02-03. [The plaster covered the floor.] (fictitious) In First Order Logic: - O15(x,y) ⇒ S10(x) - O15(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P156(x,y) ⇒ O15(x,y) - P156(x,y) ⇔ O15(x,y) ∧ E18(x)

O15i was occupied by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O15i
preferred label: was occupied by
domain: E53 Place
range: S10 Material Substantial
inverse of: O15 occupied
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (0,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S10 Material Substantial with the instance of E53 Place that this substance occupied. It describes the space filled (occupied) by a physical matter. This property is the development of the shortcut expressed in the proposition of classification: “S20 Physical Feature” isA “E53 Place”. This property is equivalent to P156 occupies (is occupied by) with domain E18 Physical Thing and range E53 Place. Examples of the inverse property: - The layer of pink plaster that occupied the block 30 floor of the area X. on 2009-02-03. [The plaster covered the floor.] (fictitious) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O15(x,y) ⇒ S10(x) - O15(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - P156(x,y) ⇒ O15(x,y) - P156(x,y) ⇔ O15(x,y) ∧ E18(x)

O16 observed value
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O16
preferred label: observed value
domain: S4 Single Observation
range: E1 CRM Entity
inverse of: O16i value was observed by
sub property of: P141 assigned
comment: Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Shortcut Of: S4 Single Observation. O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by): S29 Observable Proposition. J31 has range (is range of): E1 CRM Entity Scope note: This property associates a value assigned to an entity observed by S4 Single Observation. This property is a strong shortcut of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, J31 has range (is range of), to E1 CRM Entity. Examples: - The surface survey at the bronze age site of Mitrou in East Lokris (S4), carried out by Cornell University in 1989, observed value 600 (of sherds) (E1). (Kramer-Hajos and O’Neill, 2008) In First Order Logic: - O16(x,y) ⇒ S4(x) - O16(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - O16(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y) - P40(x,y) ⇒ O16(x,y) - O16(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [S29(z) ∧ O37(x,z) ∧ J31(z,y)]

O16i value was observed by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O16i
preferred label: value was observed by
domain: E1 CRM Entity
range: S4 Single Observation
inverse of: O16 observed value
sub property of: P141i was assigned by
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Shortcut Of of the inverse property: S4 Single Observation. O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by): S29 Observable Proposition. J31 has range (is range of): E1 CRM Entity Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates a value assigned to an entity observed by S4 Single Observation. This property is a strong shortcut of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, J31 has range (is range of), to E1 CRM Entity. Examples of the inverse property: - The surface survey at the bronze age site of Mitrou in East Lokris (S4), carried out by Cornell University in 1989, observed value 600 (of sherds) (E1). (Kramer-Hajos and O’Neill, 2008) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O16(x,y) ⇒ S4(x) - O16(x,y) ⇒ E1(y) - O16(x,y) ⇒ P141(x,y) - P40(x,y) ⇒ O16(x,y) - O16(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [S29(z) ∧ O37(x,z) ∧ J31(z,y)]

O17 generated
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O17
preferred label: generated
domain: S17 Physical Genesis
range: E18 Physical Thing
inverse of: O17i was generated by
sub property of: O18 altered
comment: Quantification: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S17 Physical Genesis event with an instance of E18 Physical Thing that the event generated. Examples: - The landslide of Parnitha in 1999 (S17) generated the head of the landslide feature (E18). (fictitious) - The mud flow in the western region of Thessaly million years ago (S17) generated the deposits of solidified mud with irregular surface in the area (E18). (fictitious) - The introduction of my copper samples in the salt-spray apparatus (S17) generated new corrosion layers of cuprite and malachite (E18). (Velios, 1998) In First Order Logic: - O17(x,y) ⇒ S17(x) - O17(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - O17(x,y) ⇒ O18(x,y) - P108(x,y) ⇒ O17(x,y)

O17i was generated by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O17i
preferred label: was generated by
domain: E18 Physical Thing
range: S17 Physical Genesis
inverse of: O17 generated
sub property of: O18i was altered by
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary (1,n:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S17 Physical Genesis event with an instance of E18 Physical Thing that the event generated. Examples of the inverse property: - The landslide of Parnitha in 1999 (S17) generated the head of the landslide feature (E18). (fictitious) - The mud flow in the western region of Thessaly million years ago (S17) generated the deposits of solidified mud with irregular surface in the area (E18). (fictitious) - The introduction of my copper samples in the salt-spray apparatus (S17) generated new corrosion layers of cuprite and malachite (E18). (Velios, 1998) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O17(x,y) ⇒ S17(x) - O17(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - O17(x,y) ⇒ O18(x,y) - P108(x,y) ⇒ O17(x,y)

O18 altered
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O18
preferred label: altered
domain: S18 Alteration
range: E18 Physical Thing
inverse of: O18i was altered by
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S18 Alteration process with an instance of E18 Physical Thing which was altered by this activity. Examples: - The death of the trees (S18), caused by beetle infestation in 1995, altered the Brazilian forest (E18). (Paine, 2008) - The application of tension (S18) altered the humidified parchment of the Lanhydrock Pedigree (E18) (Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - O18(x,y) ⇒ S18(x) - O18(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - O18(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y) - P31(x,y) ⇒ O18(x,y)

O18i was altered by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O18i
preferred label: was altered by
domain: E18 Physical Thing
range: S18 Alteration
inverse of: O18 altered
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S18 Alteration process with an instance of E18 Physical Thing which was altered by this activity. Examples of the inverse property: - The death of the trees (S18), caused by beetle infestation in 1995, altered the Brazilian forest (E18). (Paine, 2008) - The application of tension (S18) altered the humidified parchment of the Lanhydrock Pedigree (E18) (Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O18(x,y) ⇒ S18(x) - O18(x,y) ⇒ E18(y) - O18(x,y) ⇒ P12(x,y) - P31(x,y) ⇒ O18(x,y)

O19 encountered object
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O19
preferred label: encountered object
domain: S19 Encounter Event
range: E18 Physical Thing
inverse of: O19i was object encountered through
sub property of: P12 occurred in the presence of
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S19 Encounter Event with an instance of E18 Physical Thing that was encountered or observed as present during the event. Examples: - The encounter of a marble floor during the digging of a well in 1750 (S19) encountered object the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum (E18). (Sider, 1990, p. 536) - The encounter of oak planks from a ship during a dig in a mound at the farm Lille Oseberg in Norway, in 1904 (S19) encountered object the Oseberg Ship (E18). (Ferguson, 2009, p.10-11) In First Order Logic: - O19(x,y) ⇒ S19(x) - O19(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)

O19i was object encountered through
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O19i
preferred label: was object encountered through
domain: E18 Physical Thing
range: S19 Encounter Event
inverse of: O19 encountered object
sub property of: P12i was present at
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S19 Encounter Event with an instance of E18 Physical Thing that was encountered or observed as present during the event. Examples of the inverse property: - The encounter of a marble floor during the digging of a well in 1750 (S19) encountered object the Villa of the Papyri in Herculaneum (E18). (Sider, 1990, p. 536) - The encounter of oak planks from a ship during a dig in a mound at the farm Lille Oseberg in Norway, in 1904 (S19) encountered object the Oseberg Ship (E18). (Ferguson, 2009, p.10-11) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O19(x,y) ⇒ S19(x) - O19(x,y) ⇒ E18(y)

O20 sampled from type of part
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O20
preferred label: sampled from type of part
domain: S2 Sample Taking
range: E55 Type
inverse of: O20i type of part was sampled by
comment: Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Shortcut Of: S2 Sample Taking. O4 sampled at (was sampling location of): E53 Place. P2 has type (is type of): E55 Type Scope note: This property associates the activity of a Sample Taking with the type of the location part from which a sample was taken. It is a shortcut of the property O4 sampled at (was sampling location of), and it is used as an alternative property, identifying features and material substantial as types of parts of sampling positions. Examples: - The sampling (S2) of tissue for DNA analysis of human remains in an archaeological site, sampled from type of part molar tooth (E55). (fictitious) - The sampling (S2) undertaken by Joyce Plesters in June 1963 while she was working on the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ (Cranach), sampled from type of part paint (E55). (The National Gallery, London, 1963) In First Order Logic: - O20(x,y) ⇒ S2(x) - O20(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)

O20i type of part was sampled by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O20i
preferred label: type of part was sampled by
domain: E55 Type
range: S2 Sample Taking
inverse of: O20 sampled from type of part
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Shortcut Of of the inverse property: S2 Sample Taking. O4 sampled at (was sampling location of): E53 Place. P2 has type (is type of): E55 Type Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates the activity of a Sample Taking with the type of the location part from which a sample was taken. It is a shortcut of the property O4 sampled at (was sampling location of), and it is used as an alternative property, identifying features and material substantial as types of parts of sampling positions. Examples of the inverse property: - The sampling (S2) of tissue for DNA analysis of human remains in an archaeological site, sampled from type of part molar tooth (E55). (fictitious) - The sampling (S2) undertaken by Joyce Plesters in June 1963 while she was working on the painting ‘Cupid complaining to Venus’ (Cranach), sampled from type of part paint (E55). (The National Gallery, London, 1963) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O20(x,y) ⇒ S2(x) - O20(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)

O21 encountered at
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O21
preferred label: encountered at
domain: S19 Encounter Event
range: E53 Place
inverse of: O21i witnessed encounter
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S19 Encounter Event with an instance of E53 Place at which the things, which were encountered, were observed to be present. This may be given in absolute terms or in terms relative to the observed thing. The associated place must be within the boundaries of the E53 Place at which the S19 Encounter Event took place, if that has been given. Note, that the encountered object may be larger and extend beyond the place of encounter, such as a corner of a building being excavated. Examples: - The encounter of the Oseberg Ship in 1904 (S19) encountered at the farm Lille Oseberg in Norway (E53). (Ferguson, 2009, p.10-11) In First Order Logic: - O21(x,y) ⇒ S19(x) - O21(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - O21(x,y) ⇒ ∃z[E53(z) ∧ P161(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)] - O21(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,v,w) [E93(w) ∧ E18(z) ∧ E52(v) ∧ O19(x,z) ∧ P195(w,z) ∧ P4(x,v) ∧ P164(w,v) ∧ P197(w,y)]

O21i witnessed encounter
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O21i
preferred label: witnessed encounter
domain: E53 Place
range: S19 Encounter Event
inverse of: O21 encountered at
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S19 Encounter Event with an instance of E53 Place at which the things, which were encountered, were observed to be present. This may be given in absolute terms or in terms relative to the observed thing. The associated place must be within the boundaries of the E53 Place at which the S19 Encounter Event took place, if that has been given. Note, that the encountered object may be larger and extend beyond the place of encounter, such as a corner of a building being excavated. Examples of the inverse property: - The encounter of the Oseberg Ship in 1904 (S19) encountered at the farm Lille Oseberg in Norway (E53). (Ferguson, 2009, p.10-11) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O21(x,y) ⇒ S19(x) - O21(x,y) ⇒ E53(y) - O21(x,y) ⇒ ∃z[E53(z) ∧ P161(x,z) ∧ P89(y,z)] - O21(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,v,w) [E93(w) ∧ E18(z) ∧ E52(v) ∧ O19(x,z) ∧ P195(w,z) ∧ P4(x,v) ∧ P164(w,v) ∧ P197(w,y)]

O23 is defined by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O23
preferred label: is defined by
domain: S22 Segment of Matter
range: E92 Spacetime Volume
inverse of: O23i defines
comment: Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property identifies the E92 Spacetime Volume that defines a S22 Segment of Matter. The spatial boundaries of the E92 Spacetime Volume are defined through S4 Single Observation or declaration while the temporal boundaries are confined by S18 Alteration events. Examples: - The accumulation zone (S22) of the landslide is defined by the evolution of the landslide of Santomerion village in 2008 (E92) (Litoseliti et al., 2014) In First Order Logic: - O23(x,y) ⇒ S22(x) - O23(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)

O23i defines
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O23i
preferred label: defines
domain: E92 Spacetime Volume
range: S22 Segment of Matter
inverse of: O23 is defined by
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property identifies the E92 Spacetime Volume that defines a S22 Segment of Matter. The spatial boundaries of the E92 Spacetime Volume are defined through S4 Single Observation or declaration while the temporal boundaries are confined by S18 Alteration events. Examples of the inverse property: - The accumulation zone (S22) of the landslide is defined by the evolution of the landslide of Santomerion village in 2008 (E92) (Litoseliti et al., 2014) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O23(x,y) ⇒ S22(x) - O23(x,y) ⇒ E92(y)

O24 measured
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O24
preferred label: measured
domain: S21 Measurement
range: S15 Observable Entity
inverse of: O24i was measured by
sub property of: O35 observed entity
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S21 Measurement with an instance of S15 Observable Entity to which it applied. An instance of S15 Observable Entity may be measured more than once. Material things and processes may be measured, e.g. the number of words in a copy of a text, or the duration of an event. An instance of S21 Measurement may measure a specific constellation of distinct instances of S15 Observable Entity at some time, to determine a dimension holding between the latter, i.e. an instance of S25 Relative Dimension. This property is part of the fully developed path from S15 Observable Entity through O24i was measured by (measured), S21 Measurement, O39 observed dimension (was observed in), to E54 Dimension, which is shortcut by O12 has dimension (is dimension of). Examples: - The sensor measurement by IGME in 1999 (S21) measured the landslide displacement (S15) in the area of Parnitha. (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - The measurement of the angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. measured the Moon (E19). (Berggren and Sidoli 2007) - The measurement of the angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. measured the Sun (E19). (Berggren and Sidoli 2007) - The measurement of the angle between the summit of the Pico del Teide, Tenerife and a horizontal level by Alexander von Humboldt in the harbour of Orotava in Tenerife on the 19th of June 1799 measured the Pico del Teide, Tenerife (E26). (Humboldt, 1859) In First Order Logic: - O24(x,y) ⇒ S21(x) - O24(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O24(x,y) ⇒ O35(x,y) - P39(x,y) ⇒ O24(x,y) - P39(x,y) ⇔ O24(x,y) ∧ E18(x) ∧ ¬S25(y) - O24(x,y) ∧ E5(y) ⇒ P132(x,y) - O24(x,y) ∧ E18(y) ∧ E92(z) ∧ P196(y,z) ⇒ P132(x,z) - (reminder: E18(y) ⇒ (∃z) [E92(z) ∧ P196(y,z)] and z is u…

O24i was measured by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O24i
preferred label: was measured by
domain: S15 Observable Entity
range: S21 Measurement
inverse of: O24 measured
sub property of: O35i was observed by
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S21 Measurement with an instance of S15 Observable Entity to which it applied. An instance of S15 Observable Entity may be measured more than once. Material things and processes may be measured, e.g. the number of words in a copy of a text, or the duration of an event. An instance of S21 Measurement may measure a specific constellation of distinct instances of S15 Observable Entity at some time, to determine a dimension holding between the latter, i.e. an instance of S25 Relative Dimension. This property is part of the fully developed path from S15 Observable Entity through O24i was measured by (measured), S21 Measurement, O39 observed dimension (was observed in), to E54 Dimension, which is shortcut by O12 has dimension (is dimension of). Examples of the inverse property: - The sensor measurement by IGME in 1999 (S21) measured the landslide displacement (S15) in the area of Parnitha. (Lucchese et al., 2013; Kritikos et al., 2013; InGeoCloudS, 2012; InGeoCloudS, 2013) - The measurement of the angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. measured the Moon (E19). (Berggren and Sidoli 2007) - The measurement of the angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. measured the Sun (E19). (Berggren and Sidoli 2007) - The measurement of the angle between the summit of the Pico del Teide, Tenerife and a horizontal level by Alexander von Humboldt in the harbour of Orotava in Tenerife on the 19th of June 1799 measured the Pico del Teide, Tenerife (E26). (Humboldt, 1859) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O24(x,y) ⇒ S21(x) - O24(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O24(x,y) ⇒ O35(x,y) - P39(x,y) ⇒ O24(x,y) - P39(x,y) ⇔ O24(x,y) ∧ E18(x) ∧ ¬S25(y) - O24(x,y) ∧ E5(y) ⇒ P132(x,y) - O24(x,y) ∧ E1…

O25 contains
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O25
preferred label: contains
domain: S10 Material Substantial
range: S10 Material Substantial
inverse of: O25i is contained in
comment: Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property describes that an instance of S10 Material Substantial was or is contained in another instance of S10 Material Substantial regardless of whether the identity of the involved instances is based on the persistence of the form of material or on material substance that may change form. Examples: - The opal specimen from Jalisco in Mexico (E18) contains the fluid inclusion of the specimen (S14). (Rentro, 2019) In First Order Logic: - O25(x,y) ⇒ S10(x) - O25(x,y) ⇒ S10(y) - P46(x,y) ⇒ O25(x,y)

O25i is contained in
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O25i
preferred label: is contained in
domain: S10 Material Substantial
range: S10 Material Substantial
inverse of: O25 contains
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property describes that an instance of S10 Material Substantial was or is contained in another instance of S10 Material Substantial regardless of whether the identity of the involved instances is based on the persistence of the form of material or on material substance that may change form. Examples of the inverse property: - The opal specimen from Jalisco in Mexico (E18) contains the fluid inclusion of the specimen (S14). (Rentro, 2019) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O25(x,y) ⇒ S10(x) - O25(x,y) ⇒ S10(y) - P46(x,y) ⇒ O25(x,y)

O27 split
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O27
preferred label: split
domain: S24 Sample Splitting
range: S13 Sample
inverse of: O27i was source for
sub property of: O3 sampled from
comment: Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S24 Sample Splitting with the instance of S13 Sample which is the original sample being split. Examples: - The subsampling activity by Godfrey et al. in 2000 (S24) split the homogenous Sample (S13). [Part of the finely ground sample from fragment GT993 was taken to be used in ICP-AES analysis.] (Godfrey et al., 2002) In First Order Logic: - O27(x,y) ⇒ S24(x) - O27(x,y) ⇒ S13(y) - O27(x,y) ⇒ O3(x,y)

O27i was source for
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O27i
preferred label: was source for
domain: S13 Sample
range: S24 Sample Splitting
inverse of: O27 split
sub property of: O3i was sample by
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S24 Sample Splitting with the instance of S13 Sample which is the original sample being split. Examples of the inverse property: - The subsampling activity by Godfrey et al. in 2000 (S24) split the homogenous Sample (S13). [Part of the finely ground sample from fragment GT993 was taken to be used in ICP-AES analysis.] (Godfrey et al., 2002) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O27(x,y) ⇒ S24(x) - O27(x,y) ⇒ S13(y) - O27(x,y) ⇒ O3(x,y)

O28 is conceptually greater than
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O28
preferred label: is conceptually greater than
domain: E55 Type
range: E55 Type
inverse of: O28i is conceptually less than
comment: Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of E55 Type from a particular concept scheme or vocabulary to be declared as having an order relative to other instances of E55 Type in the same or other concept schemes, without necessarily having a specific value associated with either instance. This allows, for example, for an E55 Type instance representing the concept of "good" in a conservation report vocabulary to be greater than the E55 Type instance representing the concept of "average" in the same vocabulary. This property is transitive, and thus if "average" is greater than "poor", then "good" is also greater than "poor". In the domain of statistics, types that participate in this kind of relationship are called "Ordinal Variables"; as opposed to those without order which are called "Nominal Variables". This property allows for queries that select based on the relative position of participating E55 Types. Examples: - In the condition survey of the manuscripts of the library of the Saint Catherine Monastery, the option ‘supple’ (E55) is conceptually greater than the option ‘stiff’ (E55). [These options are used for assessing parchment on page 2, section 2 of the survey form and within the context of the dry conditions of the Sinai desert where the Monastery is, ‘supple’ is considered better because it is less brittle] (Pickwoad, 2004) In First Order Logic: - O28(x,y) ⇒ E55(x) - O28(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)

O28i is conceptually less than
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O28i
preferred label: is conceptually less than
domain: E55 Type
range: E55 Type
inverse of: O28 is conceptually greater than
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of E55 Type from a particular concept scheme or vocabulary to be declared as having an order relative to other instances of E55 Type in the same or other concept schemes, without necessarily having a specific value associated with either instance. This allows, for example, for an E55 Type instance representing the concept of "good" in a conservation report vocabulary to be greater than the E55 Type instance representing the concept of "average" in the same vocabulary. This property is transitive, and thus if "average" is greater than "poor", then "good" is also greater than "poor". In the domain of statistics, types that participate in this kind of relationship are called "Ordinal Variables"; as opposed to those without order which are called "Nominal Variables". This property allows for queries that select based on the relative position of participating E55 Types. Examples of the inverse property: - In the condition survey of the manuscripts of the library of the Saint Catherine Monastery, the option ‘supple’ (E55) is conceptually greater than the option ‘stiff’ (E55). [These options are used for assessing parchment on page 2, section 2 of the survey form and within the context of the dry conditions of the Sinai desert where the Monastery is, ‘supple’ is considered better because it is less brittle] (Pickwoad, 2004) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O28(x,y) ⇒ E55(x) - O28(x,y) ⇒ E55(y)

O29 removed sub-sample
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O29
preferred label: removed sub-sample
domain: S24 Sample Splitting
range: S13 Sample
inverse of: O29i was sub-sample removed by
sub property of: O5 removed
comment: Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S24 Sample Splitting with the resulting instance of S13 Sample that has been removed from the original sample. The new sample (i.e. the sub-sample) maintains the characteristic qualities of the original. Examples: - The subsampling activity by Godfrey et al. in 2000 (S24) removed sub-sample the ICP-AES subsample (S13). [This sub-sample was used for elemental analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) to reveal the composition of the original sample.] (Godfrey et al., 2002) In First Order Logic: - O29(x,y) ⇒ S24(x) - O29(x,y) ⇒ S13(y) - O29(x,y) ⇒ O5(x,y)

O29i was sub-sample removed by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O29i
preferred label: was sub-sample removed by
domain: S13 Sample
range: S24 Sample Splitting
inverse of: O29 removed sub-sample
sub property of: O5i was removed by
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S24 Sample Splitting with the resulting instance of S13 Sample that has been removed from the original sample. The new sample (i.e. the sub-sample) maintains the characteristic qualities of the original. Examples of the inverse property: - The subsampling activity by Godfrey et al. in 2000 (S24) removed sub-sample the ICP-AES subsample (S13). [This sub-sample was used for elemental analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) to reveal the composition of the original sample.] (Godfrey et al., 2002) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O29(x,y) ⇒ S24(x) - O29(x,y) ⇒ S13(y) - O29(x,y) ⇒ O5(x,y)

O30 determined position
type: DatatypeProperty
notation: O30
preferred label: determined position
domain: S23 Position Determination
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S23 Position Determination with an instance of E94 Space Primitive that is the result of calculating or concluding an actual position as an integral part of the activity of determining the position. In case the calculation is done later in another context, it should be regarded as the result of a distinct instance of S6 Data Evaluation. The instance of E94 Space Primitive approximates the place occupied by the entity whose position is being determined by the constituting observations. Examples: - The determination of the position of the Titanic for the initial distress call after hitting an iceberg (S23) determined position 41°44′N 50°24′W (E94). [This was quickly determined via ‘dead reckoning’, i.e. based on the distance travelled since the previous known location, extrapolating a previous dead reckoning for 14 April 1912 20:00] (Halpern, 2011; Boxhall, 1962) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by officer Joseph G. Boxhall after the initial distress signal was sent (S23) determined position 41°46′N 50°14′W (E94). [This was again determined via dead reckoning but extrapolating Boxhall's own determination shortly after 20:00, and revised the original position.] (Halpern, 2011; Boxhall, 1962) - The calculation of the position of the Titanic by Robert Ballard's team after the Titanic ship-wreck was found (S23) determined position 41°43′32′′N 49°56′49′′W (E94). [This was the position of the centre of the ‘boiler field’, part of the Titanic debris] (Ballard et al., 1987) - The determination of the position of the Titanic at the time of the collision (S23), by Samuel Halpern in 2007, determined position 41°45.5′N 49°55′W (E94). [This was based on the position of the boiler field and the ocean drift at the time.] (Halpern, 2007) In First Order Logic: - O30(x,y) ⇒ S23(x) - O30(x,y) ⇒ E94(y)

O31 has validity time-span
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O31
preferred label: has validity time-span
domain: S23 Position Determination
range: E52 Time-Span
inverse of: O31i is time-span validity for
sub property of: P4 has time-span
comment: Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Shortcut Of: S23 Position Determination. O36 expressed the observed as (was observed by): S28 Observable Situation. J24 held at least for (is at least validity of): E52 Time-Span Scope note: This property associates an instance of S23 Position Determination with the instance of E52 Time-Span for which the determination is valid according to the observer at the time of the observation. No inferences can be made in relation to the validity of the determination outside this time-span, despite the fact that some entities are relatively stable, and their positions may remain the same after the determination within the relevant precision. The time-span of validity should fall within the overall time-span of the process of determination. This property should be instantiated if the overall time-span of the process of determination is not sufficiently precise for the purpose and precision of the determination. An example would be the time that a ship reached an assumed position after running for a measured temporal duration with a measured speed and direction from a known position. Examples: - The determination of the position of the Titanic for the initial distress call after hitting an iceberg (S23) has validity time-span the time of the collision (E52). [This is a plausible guess based on Boxhall’s account; the collision was on 14 April 1912 23:40 ship’s time.] (Halpern, 2011; Boxhall, 1962) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by officer Joseph G. Boxhall after the initial distress signal was sent (S23) has validity time-span the time of the collision (E52). [Boxhall was convinced of the correctness of his position determination until his death.] (Halpern, 2011; Boxhall, 1962) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by Robert Ballard's team after the Titanic ship-wreck was found (S23) has validity time-span the time of the position determination (E52). [This period falls within the 1st of September…

O31i is time-span validity for
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O31i
preferred label: is time-span validity for
domain: E52 Time-Span
range: S23 Position Determination
inverse of: O31 has validity time-span
sub property of: P4i is time-span of
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Shortcut Of of the inverse property: S23 Position Determination. O36 expressed the observed as (was observed by): S28 Observable Situation. J24 held at least for (is at least validity of): E52 Time-Span Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S23 Position Determination with the instance of E52 Time-Span for which the determination is valid according to the observer at the time of the observation. No inferences can be made in relation to the validity of the determination outside this time-span, despite the fact that some entities are relatively stable, and their positions may remain the same after the determination within the relevant precision. The time-span of validity should fall within the overall time-span of the process of determination. This property should be instantiated if the overall time-span of the process of determination is not sufficiently precise for the purpose and precision of the determination. An example would be the time that a ship reached an assumed position after running for a measured temporal duration with a measured speed and direction from a known position. Examples of the inverse property: - The determination of the position of the Titanic for the initial distress call after hitting an iceberg (S23) has validity time-span the time of the collision (E52). [This is a plausible guess based on Boxhall’s account; the collision was on 14 April 1912 23:40 ship’s time.] (Halpern, 2011; Boxhall, 1962) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by officer Joseph G. Boxhall after the initial distress signal was sent (S23) has validity time-span the time of the collision (E52). [Boxhall was convinced of the correctness of his position determination until his death.] (Halpern, 2011; Boxhall, 1962) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by Robert Ballard's team after the Titanic ship-wreck was found (S23) has validity time-s…

O32 determined position of
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O32
preferred label: determined position of
domain: S23 Position Determination
range: S15 Observable Entity
inverse of: O32i was located by
sub property of: O35 observed entity
comment: Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S23 Position Determination with the instance of S15 Observable Entity whose position is being determined. Examples: - The determination of the position of the Titanic for the initial distress call after hitting an iceberg (S23) determined position of the Titanic (E22). (Halpern, 2011) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by officer Joseph G. Boxhall after the initial distress signal was sent (S23) determined position of the Titanic (E22) (Halpern, 2011) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by Robert Ballard's team after the Titanic ship-wreck was found (S23) determined position of the Titanic. [More precisely it determined the position of the centre of the ‘boiler field’ of Titanic’s debris] (E22) (Ballard et al., 1987) - The determination of the position of the Titanic at the time of the collision (S23) by Samuel Halpern in 2007, determined position of the Titanic (E22) - The determination of the position of Messner and Habeler in May 8, 1978 (S23) determined position of Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler (E20) (Messner 1978) In First Order Logic: - O32(x,y) ⇒ S23(x) - O32(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O32(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,u,v,w) [E93(z) ∧ P195(z,y) ∧ E52(w) ∧ O31(x,w) ∧ P164(z,w) ∧ E94(v) ∧ O30(x,v) ∧ E53(u) ∧ P161(z,u) ∧ P121(v,u)]

O32i was located by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O32i
preferred label: was located by
domain: S15 Observable Entity
range: S23 Position Determination
inverse of: O32 determined position of
sub property of: O35i was observed by
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S23 Position Determination with the instance of S15 Observable Entity whose position is being determined. Examples of the inverse property: - The determination of the position of the Titanic for the initial distress call after hitting an iceberg (S23) determined position of the Titanic (E22). (Halpern, 2011) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by officer Joseph G. Boxhall after the initial distress signal was sent (S23) determined position of the Titanic (E22) (Halpern, 2011) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by Robert Ballard's team after the Titanic ship-wreck was found (S23) determined position of the Titanic. [More precisely it determined the position of the centre of the ‘boiler field’ of Titanic’s debris] (E22) (Ballard et al., 1987) - The determination of the position of the Titanic at the time of the collision (S23) by Samuel Halpern in 2007, determined position of the Titanic (E22) - The determination of the position of Messner and Habeler in May 8, 1978 (S23) determined position of Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler (E20) (Messner 1978) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O32(x,y) ⇒ S23(x) - O32(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O32(x,y) ⇒ (∃z,u,v,w) [E93(z) ∧ P195(z,y) ∧ E52(w) ∧ O31(x,w) ∧ P164(z,w) ∧ E94(v) ∧ O30(x,v) ∧ E53(u) ∧ P161(z,u) ∧ P121(v,u)]

O33 is relative to
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O33
preferred label: is relative to
domain: S25 Relative Dimension
range: S15 Observable Entity
inverse of: O33i has relative dimension
sub property of: O12i is dimension of
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S25 Relative Dimension with one of the instances of S15 Observable Entity between which it was holding. Examples: - The distance between the Moon and the Earth is relative to the Moon. [The distance to the Moon can be measured with millimetre precision.] (‘Lunar Laser Ranging experiments’, 2024) - The distance between the Moon and the Earth is relative to The Earth (S10). (‘Lunar Laser Ranging experiments’, 2024) - The angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as measured by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. is relative to the Moon (E18). (Berggren and Sidoli, 2007) - The angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as measured by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. is relative to the Sun (E18). (Berggren and Sidoli, 2007) - The angle between the summit of the Pico del Teide, Tenerife and a horizontal level as measured by Alexander von Humboldt in the harbour of Orotava in Tenerife on the 19th of June 1799 is relative to the Pico del Teide (E26). (Humboldt, 1859) - The distance of Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler from Mount Everest summit 8.5.1978 (S25) is relative to Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler (E20). (Messner 1978, Roberts 2003) - The distance of Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler from Mount Everest summit 8.5.1978 (S25) is relative to Mount Everest summit (E27). (Messner 1978, Roberts 2003) In First Order Logic: - O33(x,y) ⇒ S25(x) - O33(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O33(x,y) ⇒ O12i(x,y)

O33i has relative dimension
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O33i
preferred label: has relative dimension
domain: S15 Observable Entity
range: S25 Relative Dimension
inverse of: O33 is relative to
sub property of: O12 has dimension
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (2,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S25 Relative Dimension with one of the instances of S15 Observable Entity between which it was holding. Examples of the inverse property: - The distance between the Moon and the Earth is relative to the Moon. [The distance to the Moon can be measured with millimetre precision.] (‘Lunar Laser Ranging experiments’, 2024) - The distance between the Moon and the Earth is relative to The Earth (S10). (‘Lunar Laser Ranging experiments’, 2024) - The angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as measured by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. is relative to the Moon (E18). (Berggren and Sidoli, 2007) - The angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as measured by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. is relative to the Sun (E18). (Berggren and Sidoli, 2007) - The angle between the summit of the Pico del Teide, Tenerife and a horizontal level as measured by Alexander von Humboldt in the harbour of Orotava in Tenerife on the 19th of June 1799 is relative to the Pico del Teide (E26). (Humboldt, 1859) - The distance of Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler from Mount Everest summit 8.5.1978 (S25) is relative to Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler (E20). (Messner 1978, Roberts 2003) - The distance of Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler from Mount Everest summit 8.5.1978 (S25) is relative to Mount Everest summit (E27). (Messner 1978, Roberts 2003) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O33(x,y) ⇒ S25(x) - O33(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O33(x,y) ⇒ O12i(x,y)

O34 has vertex
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O34
preferred label: has vertex
domain: S26 Angle
range: S15 Observable Entity
inverse of: O34i is vertex of
sub property of: O33 is relative to
comment: Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S26 Angle with the instance of S15 Observable Entity that includes in its extent the vertex of the former. Typical examples are respective marked spots on Earth or a ship where a theodolite (‘Theodolite’, 2025), a sextant (‘Sextant’, 2025), or a compass is positioned during a position measurement. Examples: - The angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as measured by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. (S26) has vertex Aristarchus of Samos (E21) (Berggren and Sidoli, 2007) - The angle between the summit of the Pico del Teide, Tenerife and a horizontal level, measured by Alexander von Humboldt on the 19th of June 1799 (S26) has vertex the harbour of Orotava in Tenerife (E25). (Humboldt, 1859) In First Order Logic: - O34(x,y) ⇒ S26(x) - O34(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O34(x,y) ⇒ O33(x,y)

O34i is vertex of
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O34i
preferred label: is vertex of
domain: S15 Observable Entity
range: S26 Angle
inverse of: O34 has vertex
sub property of: O33i has relative dimension
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S26 Angle with the instance of S15 Observable Entity that includes in its extent the vertex of the former. Typical examples are respective marked spots on Earth or a ship where a theodolite (‘Theodolite’, 2025), a sextant (‘Sextant’, 2025), or a compass is positioned during a position measurement. Examples of the inverse property: - The angle between the Sun and Moon with a half-moon at daylight as measured by Aristarchus of Samos on an unknown day around 280 B.C. (S26) has vertex Aristarchus of Samos (E21) (Berggren and Sidoli, 2007) - The angle between the summit of the Pico del Teide, Tenerife and a horizontal level, measured by Alexander von Humboldt on the 19th of June 1799 (S26) has vertex the harbour of Orotava in Tenerife (E25). (Humboldt, 1859) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O34(x,y) ⇒ S26(x) - O34(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O34(x,y) ⇒ O33(x,y)

O35 observed entity
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O35
preferred label: observed entity
domain: S27 Observation
range: S15 Observable Entity
inverse of: O35i was observed by
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Shortcut Of: S27 Observation. O36 expressed the observed as (was the expression of): S28 Observable Situation. O40 refers to observable entity (is referred to in): S15 Observable Entity Scope note: This property associates an instance of S27 Observation with one of the instances of S15 Observable Entity that were observed. Specifically, it describes that a thing, a feature, a phenomenon, or some process, is observed by an activity of S27 Observation. This property is a strong shortcut for the detailed path from S27 Observation through O36 expressed the observed as (was the expression of), S28 Observable Situation, O40 refers to observable entity (is referred to in), to S15 Observable Entity. Examples: - The engineers’ observation on the slope of Panagopoula coastal site, near Patras, on the 25th–26th April 1971 and the 3rd May 1971 (S4) observed entity the rotational landslide at the same site (E4). (Tavoularis et al., 2017) In First Order Logic: - O35(x,y) ⇒ S27(x) - O35(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O35(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [S28(z) ∧ O36(x,z) ∧ O40(z,y)]

O35i was observed by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O35i
preferred label: was observed by
domain: S15 Observable Entity
range: S27 Observation
inverse of: O35 observed entity
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Shortcut Of of the inverse property: S27 Observation. O36 expressed the observed as (was the expression of): S28 Observable Situation. O40 refers to observable entity (is referred to in): S15 Observable Entity Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S27 Observation with one of the instances of S15 Observable Entity that were observed. Specifically, it describes that a thing, a feature, a phenomenon, or some process, is observed by an activity of S27 Observation. This property is a strong shortcut for the detailed path from S27 Observation through O36 expressed the observed as (was the expression of), S28 Observable Situation, O40 refers to observable entity (is referred to in), to S15 Observable Entity. Examples of the inverse property: - The engineers’ observation on the slope of Panagopoula coastal site, near Patras, on the 25th–26th April 1971 and the 3rd May 1971 (S4) observed entity the rotational landslide at the same site (E4). (Tavoularis et al., 2017) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O35(x,y) ⇒ S27(x) - O35(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O35(x,y) ⇔ (∃z) [S28(z) ∧ O36(x,z) ∧ O40(z,y)]

O36 expressed the observed as
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O36
preferred label: expressed the observed as
domain: S27 Observation
range: S28 Observable Situation
inverse of: O36i was the expression of
comment: Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Shortcut Of: S27 Observation. J2 concluded that (was concluded by): I2 Belief. J4 that (is subject of): S28 Observable Situation. J5 holds to be: I6 Belief Value (= “True”) Scope note: This property associates an instance of Observation with an instance of S28 Observable Situation that the actors carrying out the observation used to express the observed phenomena of their interests. The alleged time-span of the observed situation must be equal to or within the overall time-span of the domain instance used for this property. A narrower time-span of validity for the observed situation can be documented via the property S28 Observable Situation. J24 held at least for (is at least validity of): E52 Time-Span. This property is a strong shortcut for the path from S27 Observation through J2 concluded that (was concluded by), I2 Belief, J4 that (is subject of), S28 Observable Situation, J5 holds to be, to I6 Belief Value (= “True”). Examples: - The observation between April, 25 and May, 3 1971 at the slope of the coastal region of Panagopoula (S27), expressed the observed as the rotational landslide on the same site (S15). (Tavoularis et al., 2017) - The survey of Sinai MS GREEK 418 (S4) expressed the observed as a detached triple-braided clasp strap (S15). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic: - O36(x,y) ⇒ S27(x) - O36(x,y) ⇒ S28(y) - O36(x,y) ⇔ S27(x) ∧ S28(y) ∧ (∃u) [I2(u) ∧ J2(x,u) ∧ J4(u,y) ∧ J5(u,‘TRUE’)]

O36i was the expression of
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O36i
preferred label: was the expression of
domain: S28 Observable Situation
range: S27 Observation
inverse of: O36 expressed the observed as
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Shortcut Of of the inverse property: S27 Observation. J2 concluded that (was concluded by): I2 Belief. J4 that (is subject of): S28 Observable Situation. J5 holds to be: I6 Belief Value (= “True”) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of Observation with an instance of S28 Observable Situation that the actors carrying out the observation used to express the observed phenomena of their interests. The alleged time-span of the observed situation must be equal to or within the overall time-span of the domain instance used for this property. A narrower time-span of validity for the observed situation can be documented via the property S28 Observable Situation. J24 held at least for (is at least validity of): E52 Time-Span. This property is a strong shortcut for the path from S27 Observation through J2 concluded that (was concluded by), I2 Belief, J4 that (is subject of), S28 Observable Situation, J5 holds to be, to I6 Belief Value (= “True”). Examples of the inverse property: - The observation between April, 25 and May, 3 1971 at the slope of the coastal region of Panagopoula (S27), expressed the observed as the rotational landslide on the same site (S15). (Tavoularis et al., 2017) - The survey of Sinai MS GREEK 418 (S4) expressed the observed as a detached triple-braided clasp strap (S15). (Honey and Pickwoad, 2010) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O36(x,y) ⇒ S27(x) - O36(x,y) ⇒ S28(y) - O36(x,y) ⇔ S27(x) ∧ S28(y) ∧ (∃u) [I2(u) ∧ J2(x,u) ∧ J4(u,y) ∧ J5(u,‘TRUE’)]

O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O37
preferred label: expressed the observed as observable proposition
domain: S4 Single Observation
range: S29 Observable Proposition
inverse of: O37i was observable proposition characterized by
sub property of: J33 assigned propositions
sub property of: O36 expressed the observed as
comment: Quantification: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S4 Single Observation with the instance of S29 Observable Proposition that the actors carrying out the observation used to express the observed phenomenon of interest. This property forms a logical interface between observing single propositions or more generally observable situations. It is particularly relevant for implementing effective queries. For documentation, the use of the simpler shortcut properties, i.e., O8 observed (was observed by), O9 observed property type (property type was observed by), and O16 observed value (value was observed by) will typically be the preferred approach. The property is part of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, O38 has domain (is domain of), S15 Observable Entity, which is shortcut by O8 observed (was observed by). The property is part of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, J31 has range (is range of), E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by O16 observed value (value was observed by). The property is part of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, J32 has property type (is property type of), E55 Type, which is shortcut by O9 observed property type (property type was observed by). Examples: - The inspection of the burial arrangement in La Tomba dell'Aryballos sospeso on the left bench by Prof. Alessandro Mandolesi on the 21st of September 2013 (S4) expressed the observed as observable proposition the proposition set with content {The burial arrangement in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso on…

O37i was observable proposition characterized by
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O37i
preferred label: was observable proposition characterized by
domain: S29 Observable Proposition
range: S4 Single Observation
inverse of: O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition
sub property of: J33i is assigned by
sub property of: O36i was the expression of
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to one, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S4 Single Observation with the instance of S29 Observable Proposition that the actors carrying out the observation used to express the observed phenomenon of interest. This property forms a logical interface between observing single propositions or more generally observable situations. It is particularly relevant for implementing effective queries. For documentation, the use of the simpler shortcut properties, i.e., O8 observed (was observed by), O9 observed property type (property type was observed by), and O16 observed value (value was observed by) will typically be the preferred approach. The property is part of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, O38 has domain (is domain of), S15 Observable Entity, which is shortcut by O8 observed (was observed by). The property is part of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, J31 has range (is range of), E1 CRM Entity, which is shortcut by O16 observed value (value was observed by). The property is part of the fully developed path from S4 Single Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, J32 has property type (is property type of), E55 Type, which is shortcut by O9 observed property type (property type was observed by). Examples of the inverse property: - The inspection of the burial arrangement in La Tomba dell'Aryballos sospeso on the left bench by Prof. Alessandro Mandolesi on the 21st of September 2013 (S4) expressed the observed as observable proposition the proposition set wi…

O38 has domain
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O38
preferred label: has domain
domain: S29 Observable Proposition
range: S15 Observable Entity
inverse of: O38i is domain of
sub property of: J30 has domain
sub property of: O40 refers to observable entity
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S29 Observable Proposition with an instance of S15 Observable Entity that must appear as the only domain instance of the proposition in the content of the former. This property is part of the fully developed path from S4 Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, O38 has domain (is domain of), SO15 Observable Entity, which is shortcut by O8 observed (was observed by). Examples: - The proposition set with content: {The burial arrangement on the left bench in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso (E22 Human-Made Object)} (S29) has domain the burial arrangement in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso on the left bench (E22 Human-Made Object). (Mandolesi, 2013) - The proposition set with content: {The skeleton on the left bench in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso (E20 Biological Object) forms part of the burial arrangement on the left bench in La Tomba dell Aryballos sospeso} (S29) has domain the skeleton on the left bench in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso (E20). (Mandolesi, 2013) In First Order Logic: - O38(x,y) ⇒ S29(x) - O38(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O38(x,y) ⇒ O40(x,y) - O38(x,y) ⇒ J30(x,y)

O38i is domain of
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O38i
preferred label: is domain of
domain: S15 Observable Entity
range: S29 Observable Proposition
inverse of: O38 has domain
sub property of: J30i is domain of
sub property of: O40i is referred to in
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,1:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S29 Observable Proposition with an instance of S15 Observable Entity that must appear as the only domain instance of the proposition in the content of the former. This property is part of the fully developed path from S4 Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, O38 has domain (is domain of), SO15 Observable Entity, which is shortcut by O8 observed (was observed by). Examples of the inverse property: - The proposition set with content: {The burial arrangement on the left bench in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso (E22 Human-Made Object)} (S29) has domain the burial arrangement in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso on the left bench (E22 Human-Made Object). (Mandolesi, 2013) - The proposition set with content: {The skeleton on the left bench in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso (E20 Biological Object) forms part of the burial arrangement on the left bench in La Tomba dell Aryballos sospeso} (S29) has domain the skeleton on the left bench in La Tomba dell’Aryballos sospeso (E20). (Mandolesi, 2013) In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O38(x,y) ⇒ S29(x) - O38(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O38(x,y) ⇒ O40(x,y) - O38(x,y) ⇒ J30(x,y)

O39 observed dimension
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O39
preferred label: observed dimension
domain: S21 Measurement
range: E54 Dimension
inverse of: O39i was observed in
comment: Quantification: one to one, necessary (1,1:0,1) Scope note: This property records the dimension of an instance of S15 Observable Entity or a specific constellation of such instances that was observed in an instance of S21 Measurement. The observed items should be documented using the property O24 measured (was measured by). One measurement activity may determine only one dimension of an instance of S15 Observable Entity or a specific constellation of such instances. Such a dimension may be any observable and quantifiable aspect of the latter. Weight, length, spatial or temporal distances are characteristic kinds of dimensions in this sense. A dimension of one or more instances of S15 Observable Entity may be determined either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. However, determination by measuring requires the presence of the measured items. Other methods may constitute other kinds of instances of I1 Argumentation. Even though knowledge of the value of a dimension requires measurement, the dimension may be an object of discourse prior to, or even without, any measurement being made. This property is a part of the fully developed path from S15 Observable Entity through O24i was measured by (measured), S21 Measurement, O39 observed dimension (was observed in) to E54 Dimension. In case the instance of S21 Measurement is more specifically an instance of E16 Measurement, the instance of E54 Dimension cannot be an instance of S25 Relative Dimension and using the property O39 observed dimension (was observed in) is equivalent to using the property P40 observed dimension (was observed in). In other words, using the one implies the other. Referring to an instance of E54 Dimension by this property is mutually exclusive to using either property P191 had duration (was duration of) or P179 had sales price (was sales price) to refer to the same instance of E54 Dimension. This follows from the same rule as for O12 has dimension (is dimension of), in the same way as fo…

O39i was observed in
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O39i
preferred label: was observed in
domain: E54 Dimension
range: S21 Measurement
inverse of: O39 observed dimension
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: one to one, necessary (1,1:0,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property records the dimension of an instance of S15 Observable Entity or a specific constellation of such instances that was observed in an instance of S21 Measurement. The observed items should be documented using the property O24 measured (was measured by). One measurement activity may determine only one dimension of an instance of S15 Observable Entity or a specific constellation of such instances. Such a dimension may be any observable and quantifiable aspect of the latter. Weight, length, spatial or temporal distances are characteristic kinds of dimensions in this sense. A dimension of one or more instances of S15 Observable Entity may be determined either by direct observation or using recorded evidence. However, determination by measuring requires the presence of the measured items. Other methods may constitute other kinds of instances of I1 Argumentation. Even though knowledge of the value of a dimension requires measurement, the dimension may be an object of discourse prior to, or even without, any measurement being made. This property is a part of the fully developed path from S15 Observable Entity through O24i was measured by (measured), S21 Measurement, O39 observed dimension (was observed in) to E54 Dimension. In case the instance of S21 Measurement is more specifically an instance of E16 Measurement, the instance of E54 Dimension cannot be an instance of S25 Relative Dimension and using the property O39 observed dimension (was observed in) is equivalent to using the property P40 observed dimension (was observed in). In other words, using the one implies the other. Referring to an instance of E54 Dimension by this property is mutually exclusive to using either property P191 had duration (was duration of) or P179 had sales price (was sales price) to refer to the same instance of E54 Dimension. This follows from the same rule as for O12 has di…

O40 refers to observable entity
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O40
preferred label: refers to observable entity
domain: S28 Observable Situation
range: S15 Observable Entity
inverse of: O40i is referred to in
sub property of: J28 contains entity reference
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S28 Observable Situation with an instance of S15 Observable Entity that appears as an element of one or more propositions in the content of the former. This property serves on one side to relate an instance of S28 Observable Situation to other contexts of interest, in particular when its content is or cannot be represented as a Named Graph in the same knowledge base. On the other hand, it plays a structural role in this model for expressing a minimal formal constraint for the observability of what is referred by an instance of S28 Observable Situation. This property is part of the fully developed path from S4 Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, O38 has domain (is domain of), to S15 Observable Entity, which is strongly shortcut by O8 observed (was observed by). Examples: - The proposition set with content: - {Nero on July 19, 64 AD (E93 Presence) - P164 is temporally specified by: July 19, 64 AD (E52 Timespan) - P195 was a presence of: Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus (E21 Person) - P167 was within the settlement of Antium (E27 Site) in 64AD - } - refers to the observable entity Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus (E21, S15). In First Order Logic: - O40(x,y) ⇒ S28(x) - O40(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O40(x,y) ⇒ J28(x,y)

O40i is referred to in
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O40i
preferred label: is referred to in
domain: S15 Observable Entity
range: S28 Observable Situation
inverse of: O40 refers to observable entity
sub property of: J28i is referred to in
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S28 Observable Situation with an instance of S15 Observable Entity that appears as an element of one or more propositions in the content of the former. This property serves on one side to relate an instance of S28 Observable Situation to other contexts of interest, in particular when its content is or cannot be represented as a Named Graph in the same knowledge base. On the other hand, it plays a structural role in this model for expressing a minimal formal constraint for the observability of what is referred by an instance of S28 Observable Situation. This property is part of the fully developed path from S4 Observation through O37 expressed the observed as observable proposition (was observable proposition characterized by), S29 Observable Proposition, O38 has domain (is domain of), to S15 Observable Entity, which is strongly shortcut by O8 observed (was observed by). Examples of the inverse property: - The proposition set with content: - {Nero on July 19, 64 AD (E93 Presence) - P164 is temporally specified by: July 19, 64 AD (E52 Timespan) - P195 was a presence of: Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus (E21 Person) - P167 was within the settlement of Antium (E27 Site) in 64AD - } - refers to the observable entity Nero Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus (E21, S15). In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O40(x,y) ⇒ S28(x) - O40(x,y) ⇒ S15(y) - O40(x,y) ⇒ J28(x,y)

O41 measured dimension
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O41
preferred label: measured dimension
domain: S23 Position Determination
range: S25 Relative Dimension
inverse of: O41i was measured in
comment: Quantification: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S23 Position Determination with an instance of S25 Relative Dimension that was the result of a measurement carried out as part of the activity of determining the position in order to obtain or complete the necessary information for determining the position, such the distances of the item to be determined from two immobile items with known position, or the compass directions of two light-houses (angles with the Earth’s magnetic field) as seen from a boat for determining the boat’s position. Only the time-critical measurements need to be carried out of as part of the actual domain instance of this property, such as the time elapsed at which an athlete meets a goal with a predetermined distance from the starting point. This property needs not be instantiated in cases in which the actual relative dimensions are not known to the user, such as the distances to the satellites when using GPS devices. Examples: - The determination of the position of Messner and Habeler in May 8, 1978 (S23) measured dimension the distance of Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler from Mount Everest summit 8.5.1978 (S25) (Messner 1978, Roberts 2003) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by officer Joseph G. Boxhall after the initial distress signal was sent (S23) measured dimension the elapsed time from the last fixed star observation 7:30 to the time of the initial distress signal (S25) (Halpern, 2005) - [Boxhall said that he used the star fix position for 7:30pm (Probably 7:38pm) that night as his base and used a speed of 22 knots from there to a time of 11:45pm.] In First Order Logic: - O41(x,y) ⇒ S23(x) - O41(x,y) ⇒ S25(y)

O41i was measured in
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O41i
preferred label: was measured in
domain: S25 Relative Dimension
range: S23 Position Determination
inverse of: O41 measured dimension
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many, necessary (1,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S23 Position Determination with an instance of S25 Relative Dimension that was the result of a measurement carried out as part of the activity of determining the position in order to obtain or complete the necessary information for determining the position, such the distances of the item to be determined from two immobile items with known position, or the compass directions of two light-houses (angles with the Earth’s magnetic field) as seen from a boat for determining the boat’s position. Only the time-critical measurements need to be carried out of as part of the actual domain instance of this property, such as the time elapsed at which an athlete meets a goal with a predetermined distance from the starting point. This property needs not be instantiated in cases in which the actual relative dimensions are not known to the user, such as the distances to the satellites when using GPS devices. Examples of the inverse property: - The determination of the position of Messner and Habeler in May 8, 1978 (S23) measured dimension the distance of Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler from Mount Everest summit 8.5.1978 (S25) (Messner 1978, Roberts 2003) - The determination of the position of the Titanic by officer Joseph G. Boxhall after the initial distress signal was sent (S23) measured dimension the elapsed time from the last fixed star observation 7:30 to the time of the initial distress signal (S25) (Halpern, 2005) - [Boxhall said that he used the star fix position for 7:30pm (Probably 7:38pm) that night as his base and used a speed of 22 knots from there to a time of 11:45pm.] In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O41(x,y) ⇒ S23(x) - O41(x,y) ⇒ S25(y)

O42 used result of
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O42
preferred label: used result of
domain: S23 Position Determination
range: S27 Observation
inverse of: O42i results contributed to
comment: Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of S23 Position Determination with an instance of S27 Observation the results of which were part of the necessary constituting observations of the position determination but carried out earlier, in another context. Therefore, the observations must not be a critical component of the validity time-span of the position determination, such the measurement of the distance between the start and the finish line in a 100m sprint race competition. In contrast, the measurement of the elapsed time an athlete reaches the finish line needs to fall within the time-span and be part of the domain instance of this property. Examples: - The determination of the position of the Titanic by officer Joseph G. Boxhall after the initial distress signal was sent (S23) used results of the last fixed star observation 7:30 pm (S27) (Halpern, 2005) - [Boxhall said that he used the star fix position for 7:30pm (Probably 7:38pm) that night as his base and used a speed of 22 knots from there to a time of 11:45pm.] In First Order Logic: - O42(x,y) ⇒ S23(x) - O42(x,y) ⇒ S25(y)

O42i results contributed to
type: ObjectProperty
notation: O42i
preferred label: results contributed to
domain: S27 Observation
range: S23 Position Determination
inverse of: O42 used result of
comment: Quantification of the inverse property: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of S23 Position Determination with an instance of S27 Observation the results of which were part of the necessary constituting observations of the position determination but carried out earlier, in another context. Therefore, the observations must not be a critical component of the validity time-span of the position determination, such the measurement of the distance between the start and the finish line in a 100m sprint race competition. In contrast, the measurement of the elapsed time an athlete reaches the finish line needs to fall within the time-span and be part of the domain instance of this property. Examples of the inverse property: - The determination of the position of the Titanic by officer Joseph G. Boxhall after the initial distress signal was sent (S23) used results of the last fixed star observation 7:30 pm (S27) (Halpern, 2005) - [Boxhall said that he used the star fix position for 7:30pm (Probably 7:38pm) that night as his base and used a speed of 22 knots from there to a time of 11:45pm.] In First Order Logic of the inverse property: - O42(x,y) ⇒ S23(x) - O42(x,y) ⇒ S25(y)